Table 3.
Summary of the electrochemical biosensors reported for the detection of cardiac biomarkers (troponin I, myoglobin, superoxide anion, myeloperoxidase, thrombin)
| Biomarker | Recognition matrix|electrode | Method | Conc range | LOD | Interferents | Real samples | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troponin I (cTnI) | NanoAu–phenyl diazonium derivative–GO|GCE | SWV | 0.05–3 ng mL−1 | 0.05 ng mL−1 | Glu, AA, UA, BSA, IgG, cTnT, avidin, MYO, creatine, creatinine | Serum | [ 345 ] |
| EA/anti‐cTnI/APTES/WO3‐RGO nanocomposite|ITO | DPV | 0.01–250 ng mL−1 | 0.01 ng mL−1 | CEA, CYFRA, ET, CRP, MYO | Serum | [ 351 ] | |
| nMn3O4‐rGO|ITO | EIS | 8 pg mL−1–20 ng mL−1 | 8.0 pg mL−1 | MYO, cTnC, cTnT, BNP | Serum | [ 344 ] | |
| Gold nanodumbbells‐lyophilized aptamer|gold | DPV | 0.05–500 ng mL−1 | 8.0 pg mL−1 | Bilirubin, EDTA, HGB, HSA, heparin | Serum | [ 346 ] | |
| 6‐mercapto‐1‐hexanol‐CFYSHSFHENWPS‐NanoAu–PEG|GCE | EIS | 15.5 pg mL−1–1.55 ng mL−1 | 3.4 pg mL−1 | AFP, IgG, BSA, egg protein | Serum | [ 348 ] | |
| ZnO‐polyimide|Sensor Array | EIS | 0.1 pg mL−1–100 ng mL−1 | 1 pg mL−1 | α‐cTnT, α‐cTnI, BSA | Serum | [ 350 ] | |
| N‐prGO–aptamer–(py‐PEG/py‐COOH = 20:1)|GCE | DPV | 0.001–100 ng mL−1 | 1 pg mL−1 | BSA, BNP, lyzoyme | Serum | [ 353 ] | |
| Graphene–MIP‐MWCNT–Chit–Glut|GCE | DPV | 0.005–60 ng mL−1 | 0.8 pg mL−1 | CEA, BSA, NSE, HIV‐p24, HCG | Serum | [ 349 ] | |
| MIP/BNQDs|GCE | DPV | 0.01–5 ng mL−1 | 0.5 pg mL−1 | MYO, BSA, cTnT | Plasma | [ 354 ] | |
|
Aptamer–MoS2|GCE aptamer–Au@SiO2@Au|GCE |
EIS |
10 × 10−12 m–10 × 10−6 m 10 × 10−12 m–1 × 10−6 m |
1.23 × 10−12 m 0.95 × 10−12 m |
CK‐MB, MYO | Serum | [ 352 ] | |
| DNA 3WJ/pAuNP/Au microgap electrode | CV | 0 × 10−12 m –100 × 10−9 m | 1.0 × 10−12 m | cTnI, hemocyanin, MYO, HGB, albumin | Serum | [ 356 ] | |
| Apt/AuNPs|Ti | DPV | 1 × 10−12–1100 × 10−12 m | 0.18 × 10−12 m | Chol, BSA, MYO, GOx, Ins, IgG | Serum | [ 355 ] | |
| 4‐aminothiophenol‐GQDs‐polyamidoamine|SPGE | DPV | 0.1–1 ng mL−1 | 20 fg mL−1 | HsC, CCP, IL‐1β, Gliadin | Serum | [ 347 ] | |
| MHA/TMB/Den/anti‐TnI|Gold | EIS | 42 × 10−15 m–42 × 10−9 m | 11.7 × 10−15 m | cTnT, sk‐TnI, CEA, IL‐6, PSA, TB, CRP | Serum | [ 343 ] | |
| Myoglobin | Apt/AuNPs/BNNSs|FTO | DPV | 0.1–100 µg mL−1 | 34.6 ng mL−1 | HGB, GOx, Ins, SOX | Serum | [ 359 ] |
| MBA/(PPy–Au)/APTES|GCE | DPV | 0.1 µg mL−1–0.15 mg mL−1 | 30.9 ng mL−1 | GOx, Cyt c, HGB, hemin | Muscles | [ 361 ] | |
| Antibody/4‐ATP SAM/biosynthesized AuNP/APTES|ITO | EIS | 0.02–1 µg mL−1 | 5.5 ng mL−1 | Zn2+, Cu2+, SO4 2−, Glu, sucrose, AA, UA, amylum | Serum | [ 362 ] | |
| AuNPs@rGO|SPCE | DPV | 1 ng mL−1–1400 ng mL−1 | 0.67 ng mL−1 | BSA, avidin, cTnI | Serum | [ 358 ] | |
| APVIMBr ionic liquid–MWCNT|GCE | DPV | 60.0 × 10−9 m–6.0 × 10−6 m | 9.7 × 10−9 m | HGB, BSA, Cyt C, Ova, AA, Cys, His | Serum | [ 364 ] | |
| AuNP–PAMAM|GCE | CSV | 0.01–500 ng mL−1 | 3.8 pg mL−1 | CA 19‐9, CA 125, CEA, AFP, IgG | Serum | [ 360 ] | |
| CuS–MoS2/carbon fiber microelectrode | CV | 0.005–20 ng mL−1 | 1.2 pg mL−1 | CA 19‐9, CA 125, CEA, AFP | Serum | [ 357 ] | |
| Poly‐l‐lysine‐antimyoglobin–black phosphorus nanosheets|SPCE | CV | 1 pg mL−1–16 µg mL−1 | 0.13 pg mL−1 | HGB, BSA | Serum | [ 363 ] | |
| Superoxide anion O2 ∙− | PtPd–polydopamine–rGO|SPGE | CA | 16 × 10−6 m–240 × 10−6 m | 2 × 10−6 m | AA, AP, DA, UA, Glu | DMEM medium | [ 369 ] |
| Pt–Pd/MWCNTs‐SOD|SPGE | Amp | 40 × 10−6 –1550 × 10−6 m | 0.71 × 10−6 m | AA, UA, AP, DA, Glu, Fru, | DMEM medium | [ 367 ] | |
| Gelatin CuZn–SOD|Pt SPE | Amp | – | 0.31 × 10−6 m | Acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin, aspirin C | Brain tissue | [ 370 ] | |
| Pt–Pd nanocomposite|SPCE | Amp | 16 × 10−6–1536 × 10−6 m | 0.13 × 10−6 m | AA, DA, UA, AP, GSH, Glu | DMEM medium | [ 368 ] | |
| NanoAu/MPA+MPO/Cyt c|gold | Amp | – | 50 ng mL−1 | – | – | [ 365 ] | |
| MDA–MB‐231/Mn3(PO4)2/ DNA/VACNT|PE | CA | 65 × 10−9 m–31 × 10−6 m | 30 × 10−9 m | AA, K+, Na+, Cl−, CO3 2−, NO3 −, UA, NO, H2O2, ClO− | AMEM medium | [ 372 ] | |
| SiO2–Mn3(PO4)2/MWCNTs|GCE | Amp | 0.03 × 10−6–3.6 × 10−6 m | 17.5 × 10−9 m | UA, AA, DA, Cys, H2O2 | HeLa cells | [ 371 ] | |
| Anti‐SOD1‐SAM‐GNP‐PPy|SPCE | CV | 0.5 × 10−9 m–5 × 10−6 m | 0.5 × 10−6 m | MYO, Cyt c | Keratino‐cyte cells | [ 366 ] | |
| Myeloperoxidase | CNT wires|SPCE | CA | 0–4 µg mL−1 | 55 ng mL−1 | – | Serum | [ 378 ] |
| MWCNT–thionine–AuNP–chitosan|GCE | CV | 2.5–125 ng mL−1 | 1.42 ng mL−1 | – | Serum | [ 376 ] | |
| Magnetic beads|SPCE | Amp | 0.9–60 ng mL−1 | 0.4 ng mL−1 | BSA | Serum, plasma | [ 377 ] | |
| NanoAu/PoPD–MWCNTs‐IL|ITO | Amp | 23.4–300 ng mL−1 | 0.07 ng mL−1 | cTnI, CRP, CK‐MB, MYO | Serum | [ 375 ] | |
| Nanogold/CeO2–BMIMPF6/l‐gysteine|gold | Amp | 10–400 ng mL−1 | 0.06 ng mL−1 | cTnI, CK‐MB, Cys, MYO, CRP, HCG | Serum | [ 374 ] | |
| Trimetallic CuPdPt|GCE | Amp | 100 fg mL−1–50 ng mL−1 | 33 fg mL−1 | BSA, Cys, Glu, DA | Serum | [ 373 ] | |
| Thrombin | Apt/FGO@Fe−MOG|DEP chip | EIS | 2–14 ng mL−1 | 2.2 ng mL−1 | BSA, IgG, streptavidin | Serum | [ 390 ] |
| pTBA/Apt/thrombin/MNP@Ab‐TBO|SPCE | Amp | 1.0 × 10−9 m–500 × 10−9 m | 0.49 × 10−6 m | – | Serum | [ 386 ] | |
| Au@GS and DNA‐CoPd|GCE | Amp | 0.01–2 ng mL−1 | 5 pg mL−1 | BSA, HGB, muramidase | Serum | [ 382 ] | |
| Thiolated aptamer/Au|NAAO | EIS | 0× 10−9–500 × 10−9 m | 10 × 10−12 m | HSA | Serum | [ 389 ] | |
| Nano Pd–Au|Gold | DPV | 0.05 × 10−9–50 × 10−9 m | 3 × 10−12 m | BSA, IgG, HSA | Serum | [ 385 ] | |
| MB‐P3‐AuNPs|gold | ACV | 0.003 × 10−9–30 × 10−9 m | 1.1 × 10−12 m | BSA, MYO, HGB | Serum | [ 381 ] | |
| TA/Fe2O3@graphene|GCE | DPV | 10 × 10−12 m–4 × 10−9 m | 1 × 10−12 m | BSA, lysozyme, HSA, insulin | – | [ 383 ] | |
| NanoAg or nanoAu–aptamers|AvGECs | EIS | 0.1 × 10−12–100 × 10−12 m |
0.3 × 10−12 m 0.45 × 10−12 m |
Fbr, Alb, Cyt c, IgG, ProThr |
Serum | [ 388 ] | |
| Apt/polyadenine/AuNP|gold | DPV | 0.1 × 10−12 m–10 × 10−9 m | 35 × 10−15 m | BSA, IgG, HGB | Serum | [ 387 ] | |
| Cu2O–Au nanocomposite|GCE | CA | 100 × 10−15 m–20 × 10−9 m | 23 × 10−15 m | BSA, HGB, CEA | Serum | [ 379 ] | |
| G‐quadruplex/hemin/HRP/AuPd/poly(o‐phenylenediamine)|GCE | DPV | 100 × 10−15 m–20 × 10−9 m | 20 × 10−15 m | BSA, AFP, Arg | Serum | [ 380 ] | |
| Hemin/G4–peptide–PtNTs@rGO bioconjugate|GCE | DPV | 0.05 × 10−12 m–60 × 10−9 m | 15 × 10−15 m | CEA, AFP, HGB | Serum | [ 199 ] | |
| TiO2/MWCNT/chitosan/SB|GCE | DPV | 0.05 × 10−12 m–10 × 10−9 m | 1 × 10−15 m | BSA, OVA, BHGB, lysozyme, IgG | Serum | [ 384 ] | |
| PtNPs@Co(II)MOFs @PtNPs|GCE | DPV | 0.1 × 10−12 m–50 × 10−9 m | 0.33 × 10−15 m | Hb, PCT, cystatin C, influenza | Serum | [ 198 ] | |
| Ag nanoclusters | DPV | 1 × 10−15 m–10 × 10−9 m | 0.1 × 10−15 m | BSA, CEA, AFP | Serum | [ 391 ] |
CSV – cathodic stripping voltammetry; ACV – alternating current voltammetry; cTnC – cardiac troponin C; cTnT – cardiac troponin T; CK‐MB – creatin kinase; CYFRA – cytokeratin‐19 antigen; ET – endotheline one protein; CRP – C‐reactive protein; MYO – myoglobin; BNP – B‐type natriuretic peptide; EDTA – ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; HIV‐p24 – human immunodeficiency virus p24; HCG – human chorionic gonadotropin; Chol – cholesterol; GOx – glucose oxidase; SOX – sarcosine oxidase; Ins – insulin; HsC – hepatitis C antigen; CCP – cyclic citrullinated peptide antigen; IL‐1β – interleukin 1‐beta; Cyt c – cytochrome c; OVA – ovalbumin; AP – 4‐acetaminophen; Fru – fructose; NO – nitric oxide, H2O2 – hydrogen peroxide; ClO− – hypochlorite; Fbr – fibrinogen; ProThr – prothrombin; PCT – procalcitonin, AvGECs – avidin graphite epoxy conductive paste electrodes; DMEM medium – Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin; AMEM medium – advance minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin.