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. 2020 May 29;10(7):2519–2528. doi: 10.1534/g3.120.401155

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Copyright © 2020 Inoue et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Divergence time estimation of sea star populations based on the RelTime method. An arrowhead indicates the separation between Luidia (Luidiidae) and Patiria (Asterinidae) used as the calibration point. According to O’Hara et al. (2014), the Paxillosida (Luidia) and Valvatida (Linckia and Acanthaster) separated around 185 MYA. In our time-calibrated tree, Linckia shows the deepest divergence. Asterias was more recent, and Acanthaster represents the newest lineage. The long branch following the diversification of A. planci and A. brevispinus (21 MYA) suggests repeated genetic bottlenecks in A. planci.