Table 3.
Feeding behavior, digestibility, and gaseous emissions of cows from control and linseed treatments determined in the loose- and tied-housing phases (means ± standard deviation).
| Housing | Loose (Group) | Tied (Individual) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Item | Control | Linseed | p–Value | Control | Linseed | p–Value |
| Eating1 | ||||||
| min | 406 ± 27 | 455 ± 15 | 0.019 | 422 ± 96 | 445 ± 36 | 0.354 |
| min·kg−1 DMI2 | 21.1 ± 1.64 | 23.3 ± 0.95 | 0.051 | 20.4 ± 4.9 | 22.1 ± 3.0 | 0.219 |
| Chews·kg−1 DMI | 1439 ± 142 | 1598 ± 58 | 0.072 | 1386 ± 386 | 1536 ± 273 | 0.182 |
| Rumination1 | ||||||
| min | 466 ± 38 | 497 ± 9 | 0.170 | 411 ± 56 | 445 ± 34 | 0.078 |
| min·kg−1 DMI | 24.2 ± 2.2 | 25.4 ± 0.9 | 0.275 | 19.8 ± 2.2 | 22.0 ± 1.7 | 0.008 |
| Chews·kg−1 DMI | 1546 ± 146 | 1664 ± 66 | 0.162 | 1197 ± 172 | 1386 ± 188 | 0.006 |
| Digestibility (%) | ||||||
| Organic matter (OM) | - | - | - | 76.1 ± 2.9 | 75.9 ± 3.1 | 0.935 |
| Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) | - | - | - | 61.5 ± 6.2 | 63.2 ± 4.1 | 0.580 |
| Acid detergent fiber | - | - | - | 63.2 ± 6.5 | 63.9 ± 4.2 | 0.829 |
| Carbon dioxide (kg·LU−1)3,4 | 9.18 ± 0.35 | 9.20 ± 0.55 | 0.952 | 9.07 ± 1.02 | 8.54 ± 0.60 | 0.295 |
| Methane yield4 | ||||||
| g·kg−1 DMI | 22.3 ± 1.6 | 21.4 ± 2.1 | 0.496 | 24.6 ± 3.1 | 22.9 ± 2.1 | 0.285 |
| g·kg−1 digestible OM intake | - | - | - | 34.7 ± 3.6 | 32.7 ± 3.6 | 0.361 |
| g·kg−1 digestible NDF intake | - | - | - | 116.3 ± 10.0 | 97.9 ± 8.4 | 0.006 |
| kJ·MJ−1 gross energy intake (Ym) | 69.4 ± 5.0 | 64.1 ± 6.2 | 0.232 | 76.4 ± 9.7 | 68.6 ± 6.4 | 0.131 |
| Methane emission intensity4 | ||||||
| g·kg−1 ECM5 | 13.6 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 0.266 | 19.2 ± 3.8 | 15.7 ± 4.4 | 0.165 |
| g·LU−1;4 | 321 ± 5.1 | 301 ± 6.7 | 0.292 | 327 ± 44 | 294 ± 30 | 0.155 |
1 Individual observations in the loose (two treatments × 20 animals) and tied (two treatments × six animals) housing system. 2 Dry matter intake. 3 Livestock unit equivalent to 500 kg body weight. 4 Group observations (two treatments × 4 days) in the loose housing and individual observations (two treatments × six animals) in the tied-housing system. 5 Energy-corrected milk.