Table 3.

Feeding behavior, digestibility, and gaseous emissions of cows from control and linseed treatments determined in the loose- and tied-housing phases (means ± standard deviation).

Housing	Loose (Group)			Tied (Individual)
Item	Control	Linseed	p–Value	Control	Linseed	p–Value
Eating1
min	406 ± 27	455 ± 15	0.019	422 ± 96	445 ± 36	0.354
min·kg−1 DMI2	21.1 ± 1.64	23.3 ± 0.95	0.051	20.4 ± 4.9	22.1 ± 3.0	0.219
Chews·kg−1 DMI	1439 ± 142	1598 ± 58	0.072	1386 ± 386	1536 ± 273	0.182
Rumination1
min	466 ± 38	497 ± 9	0.170	411 ± 56	445 ± 34	0.078
min·kg−1 DMI	24.2 ± 2.2	25.4 ± 0.9	0.275	19.8 ± 2.2	22.0 ± 1.7	0.008
Chews·kg−1 DMI	1546 ± 146	1664 ± 66	0.162	1197 ± 172	1386 ± 188	0.006
Digestibility (%)
Organic matter (OM)	-	-	-	76.1 ± 2.9	75.9 ± 3.1	0.935
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)	-	-	-	61.5 ± 6.2	63.2 ± 4.1	0.580
Acid detergent fiber	-	-	-	63.2 ± 6.5	63.9 ± 4.2	0.829
Carbon dioxide (kg·LU−1)3,4	9.18 ± 0.35	9.20 ± 0.55	0.952	9.07 ± 1.02	8.54 ± 0.60	0.295
Methane yield4
g·kg−1 DMI	22.3 ± 1.6	21.4 ± 2.1	0.496	24.6 ± 3.1	22.9 ± 2.1	0.285
g·kg−1 digestible OM intake	-	-	-	34.7 ± 3.6	32.7 ± 3.6	0.361
g·kg−1 digestible NDF intake	-	-	-	116.3 ± 10.0	97.9 ± 8.4	0.006
kJ·MJ−1 gross energy intake (Ym)	69.4 ± 5.0	64.1 ± 6.2	0.232	76.4 ± 9.7	68.6 ± 6.4	0.131
Methane emission intensity4
g·kg−1 ECM5	13.6 ± 1.2	12.6 ± 1.2	0.266	19.2 ± 3.8	15.7 ± 4.4	0.165
g·LU−1;4	321 ± 5.1	301 ± 6.7	0.292	327 ± 44	294 ± 30	0.155

¹ Individual observations in the loose (two treatments × 20 animals) and tied (two treatments × six animals) housing system. ² Dry matter intake. ³ Livestock unit equivalent to 500 kg body weight. ⁴ Group observations (two treatments × 4 days) in the loose housing and individual observations (two treatments × six animals) in the tied-housing system. ⁵ Energy-corrected milk.