Table 4.

Milk composition of cows from the control and linseed treatment groups measured in the loose¹- and tied²-housing phases (means ± standard deviation).

Housing	Loose (Group)1			Tied (Individual)2
Item	Control	Linseed	p–Value	Control	Linseed	p–Value
Fat (g·kg−1 milk)	42.9 ± 2.5	34.3 ± 2.6	0.003	45.6 ± 6.2	36.5 ± 3.1	0.009
Protein (g·kg−1 milk)	37.7 ± 0.4	33.7 ± 0.3	<0.001	38.8 ± 3.5	33.1 ± 1.8	0.006
Lactose (g·kg−1 milk)	47.6 ± 0.4	49.1 ± 0.2	<0.001	48.1 ± 0.9	48.7 ± 0.9	0.248
MUN (mg·100−1 mL milk)
Enzymatic	10.9 ± 0.5	13.5 ± 2.0	0.041	12.1 ± 2.0	15.6 ± 2.4	0.022
FTIR3	10.8 ± 1.0	10.5 ± 1.7	0.777	12.0 ± 2.1	12.8 ± 2.0	0.521
Fatty acids (FA; g 100 g−1 of total FA)
C18:0	7.24 ± 0.07	8.89 ± 0.19	<0.001	8.99 ± 1.64	11.02 ± 1.19	0.034
C18:1 trans-6, trans-8	0.25 ± 0.01	0.56 ± 0.05	<0.001	0.34 ± 0.05	0.67 ± 0.11	<0.001
C18:1 trans-9	0.19 ± 0.01	0.44 ± 0.03	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.06	<0.001
C18:1 trans-10	0.34 ± 0.00	0.75 ± 0.02	<0.001	0.42 ± 0.06	1.05 ± 0.55	0.018
C18:1 trans-11	0.67 ± 0.01	4.39 ± 0.27	<0.001	0.80 ± 0.29	4.37 ± 1.37	<0.001
C18:1 trans-12	0.045 ± 0.004	0.105 ± 0.004	<0.001	0.043 ± 0.013	0.097 ± 0.044	0.016
C18:1 trans-13, trans-14, cis-6, cis-8	0.31 ± 0.00	0.72 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.36 ± 0.04	0.83 ± 0.06	<0.001
C18:1 cis-9	16.6 ± 0.6	19.4 ± 0.4	<0.001	17.4 ± 2.1	24.0 ± 3.3	0.002
C18:1 cis-10	0.105 ± 0.025	0.263 ± 0.146	0.076	0.078 ± 0.017	0.137 ± 0.037	0.005
C18:1 cis-11	0.67 ± 0.03	1.07 ± 0.08	<0.001	0.74 ± 0.13	1.28 ± 0.12	<0.001
C18:1 cis-12	0.208 ± 0.010	0.514 ± 0.028	<0.001	0.259 ± 0.035	0.490 ± 0.072	<0.001
C18:1 cis-13	0.077 ± 0.002	0.185 ± 0.019	<0.001	0.092 ± 0.025	0.212 ± 0.019	<0.001
C18:1 cis-14, trans-16	0.17 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.23 ± 0.03	0.54 ± 0.16	<0.001
C18:2 n-6 trans	0.11 ± 0.01	0.54 ± 0.07	<0.001	0.12 ± 0.03	0.51 ± 0.16	<0.001
C18:2 cis-9, trans-13, trans-8, cis-12	0.22 ± 0.02	0.81 ± 0.08	<0.001	0.26 ± 0.04	1.21 ± 0.30	<0.001
C18:2 cis-9, trans-12	0.068 ± 0.013	0.178 ± 0.010	<0.001	0.079 ± 0.010	0.257 ± 0.077	<0.001
C18:2 trans-11, cis-15, trans-9, cis-12	0.080 ± 0.013	1.282 ± 0.109	<0.001	0.177 ± 0.075	1.482 ± 0.349	<0.001
C18:2 n-6 cis	1.95 ± 0.05	1.93 ± 0.05	0.599	2.05 ± 0.23	1.92 ± 0.14	0.278
C18:2 cis-9, cis-15	0.11 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01	<0.001	0.14 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.20	<0.001
C18:2 cis-9, trans-11	0.21 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.07	0.022	0.33 ± 0.07	0.36 ± 0.09	0.523
C18:2 cis-9, cis-11	0.054 ± 0.003	0.241 ± 0.016	<0.001	0.064 ± 0.014	0.250 ± 0.047	<0.001
C18:2 trans-9, trans-11	0.015 ± 0.001	0.148 ± 0.009	<0.001	0.015 ± 0.007	0.158 ± 0.046	<0.001
C18:3 n-6	0.062 ± 0.004	0.087 ± 0.012	0.008	0.065 ± 0.017	0.048 ± 0.022	0.181
C18:3 n-3	0.45 ± 0.01	1.10 ± 0.05	<0.001	0.49 ± 0.09	1.23 ± 0.06	<0.001
Σ C18 FA	30.2 ± 0.6	44.4 ± 0.8	<0.001	33.7 ± 4.0	52.8 ± 4.9	<0.001
Σ SFA	72.2 ± 0.7	60.4 ± 0.7	<0.001	70.8 ± 3.3	54.5 ± 4.7	<0.001
Σ MUFA	24.0 ± 0.6	32.4 ± 0.7	<0.001	25.0 ± 2.7	37.6 ± 4.1	<0.001
Σ PUFA	3.80 ± 0.11	7.24 ± 0.24	<0.001	4.26 ± 0.56	7.97 ± 0.79	<0.001
Σ n-6 FA	2.42 ± 0.06	2.79 ± 0.08	<0.001	2.55 ± 0.30	2.68 ± 0.14	0.368
Σ n-3 FA	0.57 ± 0.01	1.24 ± 0.04	<0.001	0.60 ± 0.11	1.35 ± 0.06	<0.001
n-6:n-3 FA	4.28 ± 0.08	2.25 ± 0.13	<0.001	4.29 ± 0.34	1.99 ± 0.07	<0.001

¹ Group observations (two treatments × 4 days) in the loose-housing system. ² Individual observations (two treatments × 6 animals) in the tied-housing system. ³ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.