ROI-based functional connectivity: Effects of group within time point and effects of time point within group. At 1.5 months, there were no significant between-group differences (a), but by 9 months HR infants showed greater thalamic connectivity (bilateral thalamus to right pSTG) and less frontotemporal connectivity (right HG to left IFGop) than LR infants. The HR group displayed few significant differences in connectivity over time (c) including increasing interhemispheric frontotemporal connectivity (left pSTG to right IFGtri) and decreasing intrahemispheric connectivity between primary and secondary auditory cortex (left HG to left pSTG; right HG to right pSTG). In contrast, the LR group exhibited widespread changes from 1.5 to 9 months (d) with increasing long-range connectivity (temporal to frontal, thalamus to frontal regions) and decreasing short-range connectivity (temporal to temporal, frontal to frontal, thalamus to temporal regions). Black-outlined boxes indicate significance at p < .05, uncorrected; * indicates significance at p < .05, FDR-corrected; ** indicates significance at p < .01, FDR-corrected. (HG: Heschl’s gyrus; HR: high risk; IFGtri: inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis; IFGop: inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis; LR: low risk; pSTG: posterior superior temporal gyrus; thal = thalamus).