Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants (n = 1687).
| Characteristics | Adolescent girls n = 223, N (%) | Newly married women n = 532, N (%) | Pregnant women n = 477, N (%) | Lactating mothers n = 455, N (%) | Total n = 1687, N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential area | |||||
| Rural | 122 (54.7) | 272 (51.1) | 243 (50.9) | 229 (50.3) | 866 (51.3) |
| Urban slums | 101 (45.3) | 260 (48.9) | 234 (49.1) | 224 (49.7) | 821 (48.7) |
|
| |||||
| District | |||||
| Sri Ganganagar | 59 (26.5) | 170 (32) | 138 (28.9) | 137 (30.1) | 504 (29.9) |
| Patna | 63 (28.3) | 102 (19.2) | 105 (22) | 92 (20.2) | 362 (21.5) |
| West Delhi | 72 (32.3) | 169 (31.8) | 150 (31.4) | 149 (32.7) | 540 (32) |
| Bangalore | 29 (13) | 91 (17.1) | 84 (17.6) | 77 (16.9) | 281 (16.7) |
|
| |||||
| Educational status of women or girls | |||||
| Primary or below | 24 (10.8) | 174 (32.7) | 145 (30.4) | 139 (30.5) | 482 (28.6) |
| Middle school | 99 (44.4) | 138 (25.9) | 142 (29.8) | 165 (36.3) | 544 (32.2) |
| High school | 99 (44.4) | 170 (32.0) | 149 (31.2) | 111 (24.4) | 529 (31.4) |
| College and above | 1 (0.4) | 50 (9.4) | 41 (8.6) | 40 (8.8) | 132 (7.8) |
|
| |||||
| Occupational status of women or girls∗ | |||||
| Unskilled work | 22 (9.9) | 55 (10.3) | 26 (5.5) | 21 (4.6) | 124 (7.4) |
| Semiskilled work | 2 (0.9) | 4 (0.8) | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (0.6) |
| Skilled work | 3 (1.3) | 20 (3.8) | 2 (0.4) | 4 (0.9) | 29 (1.7) |
| Housewife | 14 (6.3) | 442 (83.1) | 439 (92) | 422 (92.7) | 1317 (78.1) |
| Student | 182 (81.6) | 11 (2.1) | 6 (1.3) | 8 (1.8) | 207 (12.3) |
|
| |||||
| Social class of family | |||||
| Schedule tribe | 4 (1.8) | 14 (2.6) | 12 (2.5) | 8 (1.8) | 38 (2.3) |
| Other backward classes | 69 (30.9) | 150 (28.2) | 133 (27.9) | 131 (29.8) | 483 (28.6) |
| Schedule caste | 100 (44.8) | 272 (51.1) | 250 (52.4) | 228 (50.1) | 850 (50.4) |
| General class | 50 (22.4) | 96 (18) | 82 (17.2) | 88 (19.3) | 316 (18.7) |
|
| |||||
| Socioeconomic status of women∗∗∗∗ | |||||
| Lower | 8 (3.6) | 13 (2.4) | 20 (4.2) | 11 (2.4) | 52 (3.1) |
| Upper lower | 162 (72.6) | 399 (75.0) | 348 (73.0) | 316 (69.5) | 1225 (72.6) |
| Lower middle | 47 (21.1) | 113 (21.2) | 98 (20.5) | 105 (23.1) | 363 (21.5) |
| Upper middle | 6 (2.7) | 7 (1.3) | 11 (2.3) | 23 (5.1) | 47 (2.8) |
|
| |||||
| Family type | |||||
| Nuclear | 173 (77.6) | 265 (49.8) | 232 (48.6) | 234 (51.4) | 904 (53.6) |
| Extended or joint | 50 (22.4) | 267 (50.2) | 245 (51.4) | 221 (48.6) | 783 (46.4) |
|
| |||||
| Registered at Anganwadi (ICDS) centre | |||||
| Yes | 65 (29.1) | 16 (3) | 323 (67.7) | 279 (61.3) | 683 (40.5) |
| No | 158 (70.8) | 516 (97) | 154 (32.3) | 176 (38.7) | 1004 (59.5) |
|
| |||||
| Cooking fuel | |||||
| Solid (cow dung or firewood) | 71 (31.8) | 211 (39.7) | 182 (38.2) | 162 (35.6) | 626 (37.1) |
| Liquid (kerosene) | 4 (1.8) | 10 (1.9) | 9 (1.9) | 12 (2.6) | 35 (2.1) |
| Gas (Biogas/LPG) | 148 (66.4) | 311 (58.5) | 286 (60) | 281 (61.8) | 1026 (60.8) |
|
| |||||
| Cooking utensils | |||||
| Iron | 11 (4.9) | 35 (6.6) | 31 (6.5) | 29 (6.4) | 106 (6.3) |
| Other metals (copper/aluminium) | 107 (48.0) | 248 (46.6) | 228 (47.8) | 221 (48.6) | 804 (47.7) |
| Stainless steel | 105 (47.1) | 249 (46.8) | 218 (45.7) | 205 (45.1) | 777 (46.1) |
|
| |||||
| Receipt of iron-folic acid tablets | |||||
| Yes | 49 (21.9) | 26 (4.8) | 192 (40.2) | 124 (27.2) | 391 (23.1) |
| No | 32 (14.3) | 41 (7.7) | 99 (20.7) | 159 (34.9) | 331 (19.6) |
| Missing | 142 (63.6) | 465 (87.4) | 186 (38.9) | 172 (37.8) | 965 (57.2) |
|
| |||||
| Receipt of supplementary food at ICDS | |||||
| Received | 34 (15.2) | NA | 222 (46.5) | 213 (46.8) | 469 (40.6) |
| Not received | 189 (84.8) | NA | 255 (53.5) | 242 (53.2) | 686 (59.4) |
ICDS, Integrated Child Development Service Scheme; LPG, liquefied petroleum gas; NA,ot applicable. ∗Occupations: unskilled work included maids, servants, gatekeepers, cleaner, helper, sweeper farmer, etc.; semiskilled work includes drivers, waiters, etc.; skilled work includes technicians, electricians, tailors, cooks, etc. ∗∗∗∗Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all the nutrients (p < 0.001).