Table 4.
Association of sociodemographic characteristics and cooking practices with the median intakes of nutrients among women and girls (n = 1687).
| Sociodemographic parameters | Energy (kcal) | Fats (g) | Proteins (g) | Iron (mg) | Vitamin C (mg) | Zinc (mg) | Calcium (mg) | Folic acid total (mcg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential areaβ | ||||||||
| Rural | 1507.4 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 34.1 | 34.1 |
| Urban slums | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 | 1330.3 |
|
| ||||||||
| Districts¶ | ||||||||
| Sri Ganganagar | 1324.8 | 38.3 | 36.4 | 12.5 | 30.5 | 4.6 | 500.9 | 115 |
| Patna | 1401 | 22.7 | 36.75 | 5.8 | 16.1 | 4.9 | 209.6 | 82.2 |
| West Delhi | 1292.4 | 22.2 | 38.9 | 12.2 | 45 | 5.6 | 308.3 | 107.4 |
| Bangalore | 1760.7 | 27.2 | 39.9 | 10.4 | 71 | 6.4 | 169 | 75.9 |
|
| ||||||||
| Educational status of the women or girlsǁ | ||||||||
| Primary or below | 1438.7 | 26.6 | 37.1 | 11.5 | 44 | 5.7 | 270.8 | 94 |
| Middle school | 1350 | 29.5 | 36.5 | 10.8 | 35.4 | 5 | 319 | 99.5 |
| High school | 1415.8 | 25.6 | 39.2 | 10.6 | 38.7 | 5.2 | 282.4 | 100.9 |
| College and above | 1517.9 | 32.8 | 42.7 | 11.8 | 35 | 5.3 | 415.3 | 116.2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Occupational status of the women or girls§ | ||||||||
| Unskilled labour | 1291.9 | 26.9 | 35.2 | 11.5 | 32.6 | 4.8 | 318.6 | 100 |
| Semiskilled work | 1164.6 | 22.8 | 35.3 | 11.4 | 21.8 | 5 | 289.6 | 92 |
| Skilled work | 1260.3 | 30.1 | 39.6 | 11.1 | 26.4 | 4.2 | 373.9 | 122.3 |
| Housewife | 1428.2 | 28.2 | 38.6 | 11.3 | 40.5 | 5.4 | 301.4 | 100.5 |
| Students | 1390 | 25.4 | 35.5 | 9.9 | 43 | 5.3 | 243.8 | 90.9 |
|
| ||||||||
| Social class of the family∗∗ | ||||||||
| Scheduled tribe | 1478.4 | 22.9 | 36.1 | 7.9 | 27.5 | 5.4 | 185.4 | 84.5 |
| OBC | 1496.9 | 29.3 | 39.7 | 10.7 | 40 | 5.3 | 273.8 | 95 |
| Scheduled caste | 1377.9 | 28.2 | 36.6 | 10.8 | 35.9 | 5.1 | 299.7 | 98.7 |
| General class | 1343.5 | 24 | 39.6 | 12.5 | 47.6 | 5.7 | 316 | 110 |
|
| ||||||||
| Socioeconomic status of women∗∗∗∗ | ||||||||
| Lower | 1326.9 | 27.9 | 34.6 | 10.3 | 26.4 | 5.1 | 314.9 | 94.5 |
| Upper lower | 1391.0 | 28.1 | 37.2 | 10.8 | 37.9 | 5.2 | 288.3 | 97.5 |
| Lower middle | 1402.3 | 25.6 | 40.1 | 12.0 | 44.6 | 5.5 | 302.3 | 101.9 |
| Upper middle | 1709.8 | 41.3 | 43.9 | 13.0 | 58.5 | 6.2 | 481.2 | 118.2 |
| Type of familya | ||||||||
| Nuclear | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 | 1397.6 |
| Extension or joint | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 | 1411.2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Registered at Anganwadi (ICDS) Centre¶¶ | ||||||||
| Yes | 1391 | 29.6 | 39 | 12 | 43 | 5.3 | 364.4 | 102 |
| No | 1411 | 26.6 | 37 | 10.5 | 37 | 5.3 | 271.6 | 96 |
|
| ||||||||
| Cooking fuel§§ | ||||||||
| Solid (cow dung or firewood) | 1490 | 32.3 | 37.5 | 11.7 | 44.4 | 5.3 | 338.8 | 99.7 |
| Liquid (kerosene) | 1463 | 22.6 | 36 | 5.7 | 21.4 | 4.4 | 222.8 | 79.3 |
| Gas (Biogas/LPG) | 1368 | 25.3 | 38.4 | 10.7 | 37.2 | 5.3 | 282.4 | 100 |
|
| ||||||||
| Cooking utensilsǁǁ | ||||||||
| Iron | 1285 | 27.2 | 39.5 | 13 | 44.8 | 5.6 | 353.3 | 112.1 |
| Other metals (copper/aluminium) | 1535 | 24.2 | 39.7 | 10.4 | 44.4 | 5.8 | 236.5 | 91.5 |
| Stainless steel | 1330 | 31.1 | 35.9 | 11.4 | 31.9 | 5 | 375.6 | 104.4 |
ICDS, Integrated Child Development Service Scheme; LPG, liquefied petroleum gas; INR, Indian rupees; g, gram; mg, milligram; mcg, microgram; kcal, kilocalories. Data include medians for nutrient intakes and p values for trends. aSignificant differences were found using Mann–Whitney U test for the nutrients (p < 0.001) including fats, calcium, iron, and folic acid. βSignificant differences were found using Mann–Whitney U test for the energy and the nutrients (p < 0.001) including fats, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. ∗∗Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all nutrients (p < 0.001). §Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and nutrients (p < 0.05) including proteins, carbohydrates, and calcium. ǁSignificant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy (p < 0.05) and all nutrients (p < 0.001). ¶Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all the nutrients (p < 0.001). §§Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all nutrients (p < 0.05) except proteins (p=0.2). ǁǁSignificant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all nutrients (p < 0.001). ¶¶Significant differences were found using Mann–Whitney U test for all nutrients (p < 0.05) except energy, zinc, and vitamin C. ∗∗∗∗Significant differences were found using Kruskal–Wallis test in energy and all the nutrients (p < 0.001).