Table 3.
Yield and energy cost of bio-based chemicals according to production pathways expressed in E. coli
| Bio-based products | Production pathway | Substrat | Nbr reaction step | NAD(P)H yield (mole/mole) | ATP yield (mole/mole) | Pathway yield (Yp)$ | Yield efficiency (%)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene glycol (EG) | NP-Dahms | Xylose | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 50 |
| Xylulose-1-P | Xylose | 4 | − 1 | − 1 | 0.87 | 50 | |
| Ribulose-1-P | Xylose | 5 | − 1 | − 1 | 0.87 | 50 | |
| Serine pathway | Glucose | 13 | +2 | 0 | 2 | 83.3 | |
| X1P (R1P) + serine pathway | Xylose | 7 | +1 | 0 | 2 | 100 | |
| X1P (R1P) + serine pathway | Xylose + glucose | 11 | +2 | 0 | 4 | 91 | |
| Glycolic acid (GA) | CCM- (GS)$ | Glucose | 18 | +6 | +2 | 2 | 66 |
| NP-Dahms | Xylose | 5 | +2 | 0 | 1 | 40 | |
| Xylulose-1-P | Xylose | 4 | +1 | − 1 | 0.96 | 40 | |
| Ribulose-1-P | Xylose | 5 | +1 | − 1 | 0.96 | 40 | |
| NP-Dahms + GS | Xylose | 10 | +2 (+1QH2) | 0 | 2 | 80 | |
| X1P (R1P) + GS | Xylose | 9 | + 3 + (1QH2 | +1 | 2 | 80 | |
| X1P (R1P) + GS | Xylose + glucose | 15 | +2 + (3 QH2) | +3 | 4 | 73 | |
| 1,4 Butanediol (BDO) | CCM$ | Glucose | 21 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 92 |
| NP-Weimberg | Xylose | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 110 | |
| 1,2,4 Butanetriol (BTO) | CCM$ | Glucose | 17 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 83 |
| NP-KDC | Xylose | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 100 | |
| 3,4 dihydroxybutyric acid (3,4-DHBA) | CCM | Glucose | 22 | +3 | 0 | 1 | 66 |
| NP-KDC | Xylose | 5 | +2 | 0 | 1 | 80 | |
| Mesaconic acid (MSA) | CCM$ | Glucose | 18 | +3 | +1 | 1 | 75 |
| NP-Weimberg | Xylose | 8 | +1 | 0 | 1 | 91 | |
| Glutaric acid (GTA) | CCM$ | Glucose | 17 | + 5.66 | +1.33 | 1 | |
| NP-Weimberg + XI | Xylose | 14 | +4 | 0 | 0.66 | 62 |
XI means xylose isomerase pathway
$Yp is the stoichiometry pathway efficiency strictly calculated from the pathway without balancing ATP and cofactors
*Yield efficiency is the ratio between the thermodynamic or energy yield and the pathway yield (Yp) as defined by [72]. The energy yield of these chemicals as produced from pentose or glucose can be found in Additional file 1: Table S4
$ CCM-GS means Carbon central metabolism—glyoxylate shunt