Table 1.
Impact of various antibiotics on the nitrogen cycle. Adapted from Grenni et al. (2018).
| Process | Effect | Class of Antibiotics | Conc | Exposure (days) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Respiration | Decrease | Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones (Ciproflaxin) | 0.5–2 mg mL−1 | 4 | Heuer et al. (2008) |
| Inhibition (75%) | Aminoglycosides (Streptomycin) | 400 mg L−1 | 0.08–0.17 | Weber et al. (2014) | |
| Nitrification | Decrease | Sulfonamide (Sulfadiazine) | 10–100 mg kg−1 | 32 | Tomlinson et al. (1966) |
| Decrease | Sulfonamide (Sulfadimethoxine) | 50–200 mg kg−1 | 50 | Kotzerke et al. (2008) | |
| Inhibition (≈25%) | Sulfonamide (Sulfadiazine) | 100 mg kg−1 | 32 | Toth et al. (2011) | |
| Inhibition (50%) | Tetracycline (Oxytetracycline) | 12.5–75 mg L−1 | 7 | Klaver and Mathews (1994) | |
| Inhibition | Tetracyclines (Chlortetracycline) | 50–200 μg kg−1 | 50 | Ahmad et al. (2014) | |
| Inhibition | Tetracycline (Chortetracycline) | 1 mg L−1 | 5 | Underwood et al. (2011) | |
| Denitrification | Decrease (47%) | Sulfonamides (Sulfamethoxazole) | 1 μg L−1 | 19 | Xu et al. (2016) |
| Decrease | Sulfonamides (Sulfamethazine) | 100 ng L−1 | 2.08 | Hou et al. (2015) | |
| Decrease | Gylcopeptides (Vancomycin) | 1 mg L−1 | 24 | Li et al. (2011) | |
| Decrease (10%) | Tetracycline (Oxytetracycline) | 5.5–7.35 mg kg−1 | 7 | Kumar et al. (2005) |