Table 2.
Summary of pooled sample characteristics of the studied children in 51 LMIC by rural–urban residence.
| Characteristics | Weighted n | Weighted % | Weighted (%) rural (%) | SAM (%) rural | SAM (%) urban |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | 532,680 | 100 | 69.3 | 4.8 | 4.2* |
| Age | |||||
| < 12 months | 103,379 | 20.0 | 69.8 | 7.7 | 6.7* |
| 12–59 months | 413,718 | 80.0 | 69.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 252,541 | 48.8 | 69.4 | 4.5 | 3.9* |
| Male | 264,556 | 51.2 | 69.4 | 5.3 | 4.5 |
| Maternal age | |||||
| 15–24 | 160,133 | 31.0 | 72.0 | 5.5 | 4.5* |
| 25–34 | 273,802 | 52.9 | 67.4 | 4.8 | 4.3 |
| 35–49 | 83,162 | 16.1 | 70.1 | 4.0 | 3.4 |
| Maternal education | |||||
| None | 165,629 | 31.1 | 83.8 | 5.9 | 5.6* |
| Primary | 134,578 | 25.3 | 74.0 | 3.1 | 2.9 |
| Secondary + | 231,738 | 43.6 | 56.1 | 5.2 | 4.3 |
| Wealth Index | |||||
| Poorest | 122,991 | 23.8 | 93.7 | 5.7 | 4.6* |
| Poorer | 112,755 | 21.8 | 87.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Middle | 104,194 | 20.1 | 74.7 | 4.5 | 4.4 |
| Richer | 96,896 | 18.6 | 50.2 | 4.0 | 4.5 |
| Richest | 80,261 | 15.5 | 22.0 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| Employment | |||||
| Yes | 366,033 | 70.8 | 70.1 | 5.2 | 4.5* |
| No | 151,064 | 29.2 | 67.2 | 4.1 | 3.5 |
| Access to media | |||||
| No | 188,357 | 36.5 | 86.1 | 5.4 | 4.4* |
| Yes | 328,311 | 63.5 | 89.6 | 4.4 | 4.2 |
| Drinking-water sources | |||||
| Unimproved | 95,544 | 19.2 | 86.9 | 4.3 | 3.0* |
| Improved | 402,688 | 80.8 | 65.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 |
| Toilet type | |||||
| Unimproved | 248,331 | 49.9 | 85.9 | 5.3 | 4.2* |
| Improved | 249,753 | 50.1 | 52.6 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married | 12,199 | 2.3 | 52.5 | 2.1 | 1.6* |
| Currently married | 484,949 | 93.8 | 70.0 | 5.0 | 4.4 |
| Formerly married | 19,946 | 3.9 | 60.9 | 2.8 | 1.8 |
| Weight at birth | |||||
| Average + | 423,017 | 85.4 | 68.6 | 4.8 | 4.3* |
| Small | 52,939 | 10.6 | 71.3 | 5.4 | 4.0 |
| Very small | 19,624 | 4.0 | 72.9 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
| Birth interval | |||||
| 1st | 157,067 | 30.4 | 64.6 | 5.1 | 4.3* |
| < 36 | 193,030 | 37.4 | 74.6 | 5.0 | 4.7 |
| 36 + | 165,780 | 32.2 | 67.5 | 4.5 | 3.6 |
| Birth order | |||||
| 1 | 157,065 | 30.4 | 64.6 | 5.1 | 4.3* |
| 2 | 134,436 | 26.0 | 66.2 | 5.2 | 4.3 |
| 3 | 83,134 | 16.1 | 69.7 | 4.9 | 4.1 |
| 4 | 142,462 | 27.5 | 77.1 | 4.5 | 4.0 |
| Breastfeeding started | |||||
| Immediately | 236,717 | 47.1 | 69.8 | 4.6 | 4.4* |
| First day | 200,539 | 39.9 | 69.1 | 5.2 | 4.2 |
| After 1st day | 65,848 | 13.0 | 70.0 | 5.4 | 4.1 |
| Distance to facility | |||||
| No problem | 86,173 | 17.3 | 55.7 | 6.1 | 5.9* |
| Problem | 411,221 | 82.7 | 71.9 | 4.8 | 3.8 |
| Had diarrhoea recently | |||||
| No | 463,975 | 87.3 | 69.2 | 4.9 | 4.3* |
| Yes | 67,197 | 12.7 | 69.8 | 5.0 | 3.6 |
| Can afford healthcare | |||||
| Yes | 101,954 | 20.5 | 63.2 | 6.5 | 6.2* |
| No | 395,445 | 79.5 | 70.6 | 4.7 | 3.8 |
| Year | |||||
| 2010 | 12,050 | 2.3 | 71.7 | 4.7 | 2.5* |
| 2011 | 10,179 | 1.9 | 73.1 | 2.4 | 1.5 |
| 2012 | 43,014 | 8.1 | 55.6 | 2.5 | 0.9 |
| 2013 | 44,495 | 8.4 | 62.0 | 6.9 | 5.8 |
| 2014 | 69,379 | 13.0 | 68.9 | 2.4 | 2.0 |
| 2015 | 19,099 | 3.6 | 78.5 | 2.7 | 2.5 |
| 2016 | 298,787 | 56.2 | 72.1 | 6.0 | 5.9 |
| 2017 | 16,650 | 3.1 | 69.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
| 2018 | 18,319 | 3.4 | 60.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 |
| Community SES status | |||||
| 1 (highest) | 120,219 | 22.6 | 35.7 | 4.5 | 3.9* |
| 2 | 103,925 | 19.5 | 58.2 | 3.9 | 3.7 |
| 3 | 105,628 | 19.9 | 74.1 | 4.1 | 5.2 |
| 4 | 103,069 | 19.4 | 88.9 | 4.9 | 5.6 |
| 5 (lowest) | 99,131 | 18.6 | 95.9 | 6.4 | 5.8 |
| Total | 532,680 | 100.0 | 69.3 | 4.8 | 4.2* |
*Significant at 0.05 in Mantel Haenszel test of homogeneity of the odds ratio.