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. 2020 Jul 7;10:11145. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67998-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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CD56+ subset involvement in new bone formation in OA. (a) Co-localisation of CD56+ cells (left panel) with the areas of new bone formation indicated by picrosirius red staining visualised under bright field microscopy (middle panel) and polarised light microscopy (right panel); rectangles: areas of interest for CD56+ cells activity. (b) and (c) Representative adjacent sections from the areas of bone sclerosis. Co-localisation of CD56+ cells (left panel) with immature E11+ osteocytes (middle panel) in comparison to the whole population of CD271+ BMSCs (right panel); (b) sagittal section, (c) transverse section (through growing trabeculae). (d) Graph showing the area of CD56 positivity as percentage of total cavity area (multiple measurements from n = 4 femoral heads). White box: non-sclerotic areas of femoral heads; grey box: sclerotic areas; w/o OBs: without osteoblasts. **** < 0.0001, Kruskal–Wallis test. Arrows: bone lining location of CD56+ and CD271+ cells, arrowheads: osteoblasts, empty arrowheads: E11+ osteocytes. Scale bars 100 μm.