Table 3.
Associations of Tolvaptan use with urinary lithogenic risk profile
| Unadjusted Models | Multivariable Models | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome Variables | NP | NO | Difference (95% CI) | P Value | NP | NO | Difference (95% CI) | P Value |
| Relative supersaturation ratio calcium oxalate (12) | 119 | 265 | −0.74 (−1 to −0.45) | <0.001 | 115 | 248 | −0.56 (−0.82 to −0.3) | <0.001 |
| Relative supersaturation ratio brushite (9) | 118 | 264 | −0.39 (−0.62 to −0.17) | <0.001 | 115 | 249 | −0.33 (−0.54 to −0.11) | 0.004 |
| Relative supersaturation ratio uric acid (14) | 119 | 266 | −0.85 (−1.1 to −0.55) | <0.001 | 115 | 249 | −0.62 (−0.88 to −0.37) | <0.001 |
| Urine volume, L/d (16) | 121 | 280 | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | <0.001 | 115 | 249 | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Plasma copeptin, pmol/L (15) | 121 | 261 | 1.2 (0.99 to 1.3) | <0.001 | 112 | 227 | 1.2 (0.98 to 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Urine calcium/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (8) | 120 | 277 | 0.041 (−0.18 to 0.25) | 0.71 | 115 | 249 | 0.31 (0.09 to 0.53) | 0.006 |
| Urine phosphate/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (1) | 118 | 274 | −0.32 (−0.64 to 0.01) | 0.05 | 115 | 249 | −0.029 (−0.36 to 0.3) | 0.87 |
| Urine uric acid/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (2) | 119 | 275 | −0.057 (−0.33 to 0.21) | 0.68 | 115 | 249 | 0.048 (−0.24 to 0.33) | 0.74 |
| Urine oxalate/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (7) | 119 | 273 | 0.41 (0.07 to 0.74) | 0.02 | 115 | 247 | 0.26 (−0.07 to 0.59) | 0.14 |
| Urine citrate/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (6) | 119 | 275 | 0.13 (−0.08 to 0.35) | 0.22 | 115 | 249 | 0.25 (0.05 to 0.46) | 0.02 |
| Urine sulfate/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (10) | 119 | 272 | 0.43 (0.09 to 0.76) | 0.01 | 115 | 248 | 0.52 (0.16 to 0.88) | 0.006 |
| Urine pH (5) | 119 | 268 | 0.40 (0.09 to 0.7) | 0.01 | 115 | 249 | 0.20 (−0.03 to 0.44) | 0.10 |
| Urine ammonium/creatinine ratio, mmol/mmol per d (3) | 118 | 270 | −0.34 (−0.61 to −0.06) | 0.02 | 115 | 249 | −0.048 (−0.30 to 0.21) | 0.72 |
| Urine titratable acidity/creatinine ratio, mEq/mmol per d (4) | 118 | 264 | −0.42 (−0.75 to −0.1 | 0.01 | 115 | 249 | −0.13 (−0.40 to 0.14) | 0.35 |
| Urine NAE/urine creatinine, mEq/mmol per d (11) | 114 | 236 | −0.53 (−0.89 to −0.16) | 0.004 | 112 | 231 | −0.54 (−0.90 to −0.17) | 0.004 |
| Urine NGIA/creatinine ratio, mEq/mmol per d (13) | 118 | 266 | 0.59 (0.25 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 114 | 244 | 0.57 (0.26 to 0.88) | <0.001 |
Associations between the explanatory variable Tolvaptan treatment with risk factors of kidney stone formation as outcome variables were assessed. All continuous outcome variables were scaled to the SD, and therefore the β coefficient for the presence of Tolvaptan treatment versus no treatment corresponds to the difference of an increase of 1 SD in each outcome. The number of participants, the number of observations, differences, adjusted differences, their 95% CIs, and the corresponding P values are indicated for each model. Multivariable models are adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, eGFR, NAE, and height-adjusted total kidney volume. Numbers in brackets in each row header indicate the numeric increments in outcome to which each β coefficient in the full multivariable model three corresponds, the highest number representing the highest increment in outcome associated with Tolvaptan. P values are indicated for the presence of Tolvaptan treatment. NP, number of participants; NO, Number of observations; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; NAE, net acid excretion; NGIA, net gastrointestinal alkali absorption.