Table 2.
Summary of adverse events of calcineurin inhibitors among selected trials evaluating calcineurin inhibitors in lupus nephritis
| Trial | Calcineurin Inhibitor Used | Most Common AEs |
|---|---|---|
| Moroni et al. 2006 (11) | Cyclosporin | Hypertension (7/36), infection (7/36), arthralgia (14/36), gastrointestinal disorders (11/36) |
| Bao et al. 2008 (18) | Tacrolimus (with MMF) | GI syndrome (2/20), leukopenia (2/20), new HTN (3/20), pneumonia (1/20) |
| Zavada et al. 2010 (10) | Cyclosporin | Increased BP (10/19), transient increase in serum creatinine (3/19) |
| Li et al. 2012 (13) | Tacrolimus | Severe infection (2/20), hyperglycemia (5/20) |
| Yap et al. 2012 (17) | Tacrolimus | Infection (4/16), acute tacrolimus nephrotoxicity (2/16), worsening hypertension (1/16), new DM (1/16) |
| Mok et al. 2013 (22) | Tacrolimus (with MMF) | Infection not requiring hospitalization (12/21), diarrhea (4/21). |
| Liu et al. 2015 (19) | Tacrolimus (with MMF) | Pneumonia (13/181), any infection (91/181), upper respiratory infection (23/181), diarrhea (14/81), new-onset HTN (10/81), serious AE (13/181), withdrawn because of AE (10/181) |
| Mok et al. 2016 (14) | Tacrolimus | Minor infection (12/74), tremor (15/74), reversible increase in serum creatinine by 30% (10/74) |
| Zhang et al. 2017 (21) | Tacrolimus (with MMF) | Infection (12/116), leukopenia (9/116) |
| Rovin et al. 2019 (27) | Voclosporin (with MMF) | Low-dose VCS: infection (11/89), death (10/89), study discontinuation from AE (16/89), AKI (4/89); high-dose VCS: infection (12/88), death (2/88), study discontinuation from AE (14/88) |
AE, adverse event; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; GI, gastrointestinal; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; VCS, voclosporin.