Table 1.

Treatment description and abbreviations used in the study.

Treatment abbreviation	Description
ZTDSR	Rice was directly sown (22.5-cm row spacing) in the main field under zero-tillage condition by Happy Seeder (zero–tillage seed cum fertilizer drill). A uniform seed rate of 30 kg ha−1 used in ZTDSR treatment (~ 90 plants m−2). Pre-established weeds were controlled through pre-sowing application of glyphosate (41% EC)
ZTDSRR+	Sowing and weed management were same as ZTDSR. Rice was manually harvested and 20-cm rice stubbles were retained as a part of the treatment
ZTTPR	Twenty-one day old seedlings were manually transplanted in unploughed main field with a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm. One day before transplanting field was irrigated (~ 10 ha-cm) to make the soil soften and loose. Pre-established weeds were controlled through pre-sowing application of glyphosate (41% EC)
ZTTPR R+	Same as ZTTPR with 20-cm rice residues retention (~ 30%)
PTR	Field was prepared by two passes of dry-harrowing followed by planking. Wet-tillage was done by tractor-drawn rotavator under standing water (~ 10 cm). Manual transplanting of twenty-one day old rice seedling was done with a spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm
PTR R+	Same as PTR with 20-cm rice residue retention