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. 2020 Jul 7;11:3394. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17110-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Summary diagram showing the cellular properties of the VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis and their control of SCN emergent properties. VIP and VPAC2 neurons are neurochemically, electrophysiologically and spatially distinct SCN subpopulations. VIP neurons are phase advanced relative to VPAC2 neurons with a tight spatiotemporal organisation exhibiting dorsal to ventral waves, while the VPAC2 neurons are phase delayed with a looser medial and lateral spatiotemporal distribution. VIP cells can control cellular synchrony, ensemble phase and weakly contribute to ensemble period while VPAC2 cells cannot definitively control any of these emergent properties. However, both populations together are required to exert full pacemaking control and initiation of de novo rhythmicity.