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. 2020 Jul 7;10:11130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67974-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The volcano map of differentially changed metabolites between any two groups. (a) shows the difference in metabolites between the low dose tramadol group and the control group; (b) shows the difference in metabolites between the high dose tramadol group and the control group; (c) shows the difference in metabolites between the high dose tramadol group and the low dose tramadol group. Red represents up-regulation, green represents down-regulation, and gray represents no distinguishable difference between any two groups. VIP represents the importance projection value of this substance obtained in the PLS-DA model.