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. 2020 Jul 7;10:11130. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67974-8

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PLS-DA validity. The quality of the fitting model can be explained by the R² and Q² values. R² represents the variance explained in the model and indicates the goodness of fit. Q² represents the variance in the data predicted by the model and indicates the predictability. (a) shows the PLS-DA validity between the low dose tramadol group and the control group; (b) shows the PLS-DA validity between the high dose tramadol group and the control group; (c) shows the PLS-DA validity between the high dose tramadol group and the low dose tramadol group.