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. 2020 Jul 7;184:116160. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116160

Table 2.

Summary of human viral pathogens detected in wastewater and their associated disease reported in the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) Weekly Surveillance Reports (WSR). Associated disease is considered if at least one case was reported during the sampling year (2017–2018).

Measurements
MDSS Reportsa
Other
Virus Family Virus Genus Specific Primary Reported Disease Non-specific Reported Illness Primary Virus Type (Transmission Route) Oncogenic? References
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus GI; IFI; Encephalitis, Primary Enteric; Respiratory Ghebremedhin (2014)
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus GI Enteric Bosch et al. (2014)
Caliciviridae Norovirus Norovirus GI Enteric Glass et al. (2009)
Sapovirus GI Enteric Oka et al. (2015)
Coronaviridae Betacoronavirus Novel Coronavirus ILI; GI Respiratory Chan et al. (2015)Kuiken et al. (2003)Lai et al. (2020)
Flaviviridae Hepacivirus Hepatitis C Bloodborne Y Chen and Morgan (2006)
Hepeviridae Orthohepevirus Hepatitis E Guillain-Barre Syndrome Enteric Kamar et al. (2014); Van Den Berg et al. (2014)
Herpesviridae Lymphocryptovirus Encephalitis, Primary; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; ILI Bloodborne; Other Y Tsao et al. (2015); Van Den Berg et al. (2014)
Roseolovirus Encephalitis, Primary; GI; ILI Other; Respiratory De Bolle et al. (2005); Hall et al. (1994)
Simplexvirus Encephalitis, Primary; ILI; Meningitis - Aseptic Other Whitley (2011); Widener and Whitley (2014)
Varicellovirus Chickenpox; Shingles; VZ infection unspecified; Encephalitis, Post Chickenpox Respiratory Arvin (1996)
Matonaviridae Rubivirus Rubella Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Encephalitis, Primary; ILI Respiratory Mawson and Croft (2019)
Papillomaviridae Alphapapillomavirus Other Y Doorbar et al. (2015)
Parvoviridae Bocaparvovirus ILI; GI Enteric; Respiratory Qiu et al. (2017)
Erythroparvovirus ILI Bloodborne; Respiratory Qiu et al. (2017)
Picornaviridae Cardiovirus ILI; GI; Encephalitis, Primary Enteric Tan et al. (2017)
Enterovirus Encephalitis, Primary; ILI; GI; Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM); Meningitis - Aseptic Enteric; Respiratory Wells and Coyne (2019)
Hepatovirus Hepatitis A Guillain-Barré syndrome Enteric Lemon et al. (2018)
Parechovirus ILI; GI; Meningitis - Aseptic Enteric; Respiratory de Crom et al. (2016)
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus ILI Other; Respiratory Buller and Palumbo (1991); Haller et al. (2014)
Parapoxvirus Other Buller and Palumbo (1991); Fox et al. (2002)
Retroviridae Deltaretrovirus Bloodborne Y Gonçalves et al. (2010); Ishitsuka and Tamura (2014)
Gammaretrovirus Denner (2010)
Lentivirus HIV Bloodborne del Rio (2017)
Togaviridae Alphavirus Eastern equine encephalitis; Chikungunya Vector-borne Armstrong and Andreadis (2013); Weaver et al. (2018)

a: Influenza-like illness (ILI) is defined according to the U.S. influenza surveillance systems (CDC, 2019a). Gastrointestinal illness (GI) is defined as symptoms related to diarrhea and/or vomiting (MDHHS, 2018a). ILI and GI were reported if the virus’s primary clinical manifestation is related to that condition. Disease information is not documented for viruses related to non-reportable diseases.