Table 2.

Summary of human viral pathogens detected in wastewater and their associated disease reported in the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) Weekly Surveillance Reports (WSR). Associated disease is considered if at least one case was reported during the sampling year (2017–2018).

Measurements		MDSS Reportsa		Other
Virus Family	Virus Genus	Specific Primary Reported Disease	Non-specific Reported Illness	Primary Virus Type (Transmission Route)	Oncogenic?	References
Adenoviridae	Mastadenovirus		GI; IFI; Encephalitis, Primary	Enteric; Respiratory		Ghebremedhin (2014)
Astroviridae	Mamastrovirus		GI	Enteric		Bosch et al. (2014)
Caliciviridae	Norovirus	Norovirus	GI	Enteric		Glass et al. (2009)
	Sapovirus		GI	Enteric		Oka et al. (2015)
Coronaviridae	Betacoronavirus	Novel Coronavirus	ILI; GI	Respiratory		Chan et al. (2015); Kuiken et al. (2003); Lai et al. (2020)
Flaviviridae	Hepacivirus	Hepatitis C		Bloodborne	Y	Chen and Morgan (2006)
Hepeviridae	Orthohepevirus	Hepatitis E	Guillain-Barre Syndrome	Enteric		Kamar et al. (2014); Van Den Berg et al. (2014)
Herpesviridae	Lymphocryptovirus		Encephalitis, Primary; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; ILI	Bloodborne; Other	Y	Tsao et al. (2015); Van Den Berg et al. (2014)
	Roseolovirus		Encephalitis, Primary; GI; ILI	Other; Respiratory		De Bolle et al. (2005); Hall et al. (1994)
	Simplexvirus		Encephalitis, Primary; ILI; Meningitis - Aseptic	Other		Whitley (2011); Widener and Whitley (2014)
	Varicellovirus	Chickenpox; Shingles; VZ infection unspecified; Encephalitis, Post Chickenpox		Respiratory		Arvin (1996)
Matonaviridae	Rubivirus	Rubella	Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Encephalitis, Primary; ILI	Respiratory		Mawson and Croft (2019)
Papillomaviridae	Alphapapillomavirus			Other	Y	Doorbar et al. (2015)
Parvoviridae	Bocaparvovirus		ILI; GI	Enteric; Respiratory		Qiu et al. (2017)
	Erythroparvovirus		ILI	Bloodborne; Respiratory		Qiu et al. (2017)
Picornaviridae	Cardiovirus		ILI; GI; Encephalitis, Primary	Enteric		Tan et al. (2017)
	Enterovirus		Encephalitis, Primary; ILI; GI; Acute Flaccid Myelitis (AFM); Meningitis - Aseptic	Enteric; Respiratory		Wells and Coyne (2019)
	Hepatovirus	Hepatitis A	Guillain-Barré syndrome	Enteric		Lemon et al. (2018)
	Parechovirus		ILI; GI; Meningitis - Aseptic	Enteric; Respiratory		de Crom et al. (2016)
Poxviridae	Orthopoxvirus		ILI	Other; Respiratory		Buller and Palumbo (1991); Haller et al. (2014)
	Parapoxvirus			Other		Buller and Palumbo (1991); Fox et al. (2002)
Retroviridae	Deltaretrovirus			Bloodborne	Y	Gonçalves et al. (2010); Ishitsuka and Tamura (2014)
	Gammaretrovirus					Denner (2010)
	Lentivirus	HIV		Bloodborne		del Rio (2017)
Togaviridae	Alphavirus	Eastern equine encephalitis; Chikungunya		Vector-borne		Armstrong and Andreadis (2013); Weaver et al. (2018)

a: Influenza-like illness (ILI) is defined according to the U.S. influenza surveillance systems (CDC, 2019a). Gastrointestinal illness (GI) is defined as symptoms related to diarrhea and/or vomiting (MDHHS, 2018a). ILI and GI were reported if the virus’s primary clinical manifestation is related to that condition. Disease information is not documented for viruses related to non-reportable diseases.