Table 1.
Characteristics of Parkinson disease cases and controls, U.S. Medicare 2009
| Cases N=89,790 |
Controls N=21,549,400 |
|
|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |
| Sexa | ||
| Male | 44,684 (49.8) | 9,287,842 (43.1) |
| Female | 45,106 (50.2) | 12,261,500 (56.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | 79,697 (88.8) | 18,616,341 (86.4) |
| Black | 5,386 (6.0) | 1,635,170 (7.6) |
| Hispanic | 1,904 (2.1) | 399,355 (1.9) |
| Asian | 1,565 (1.7) | 460,214 (2.1) |
| Native American | 285 (0.3) | 92,978 (0.4) |
| Pacific Islander/other | 872 (1.0) | 324,397 (1.5) |
| Unknown | 81 (0.1) | 20,945 (0.1) |
| Smoking indexb,c ≥ median | 38,492 (42.9) | 65,451 (55.4) |
| UV-related cancerd | 19,560 (21.8) | 19,997 (16.9) |
| Age, years | ||
| Mean (SD) | 78.8 (6.1) | 76.0 (6.2) |
| Minimum | 66 | 66 |
| Median | 79 | 75 |
| Maximum | 90 | 90 |
| Number of physician visits | ||
| Mean (SD) | 14.7 (12.4) | 10.5 (10.6) |
| Minimum | 0 | 0 |
| Median | 12 | 8 |
| Maximum | 289 | 655 |
| Number of diagnosesc,e | ||
| Mean (SD) | 100.9 (54) | 65.6 (47.1) |
| Minimum | 0 | 0 |
| Median | 94 | 58 |
| Maximum | 441 | 441 |
| Agricultural pesticides, kg/acref | ||
| Mean (SD) | 0.26 (0.54) | 0.26 (0.54) |
| Minimum | 0 | 0 |
| Median | 0.08 | 0.08 |
| Maximum | 6.12 | 6.12 |
| Environmental tobacco smoke, %g | ||
| Mean (SD) | 16.2 (4.2) | 16.3 (4.2) |
| Minimum | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Median | 16.3 | 16.3 |
| Maximum | 31.3 | 31.3 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision Clinical Modification, ICD-9; kg, kilograms.
Numbers and percentages of controls exclude 58 (0.0003%) controls with unknown sex.
Predicted probability of ever smoking tobacco divided by the person’s total number of unique diagnosis codes (or 1 for 292 cases and 6,227 controls without any diagnosis codes).
Available for all cases and for all controls in a randomly selected subset of 118,095 controls for whom claims data were available.
Lip, skin and selected eye cancers[59] as a proxy for lifetime outdoor physical activity, including from outdoor occupations.
Total number of unique ICD-9 diagnosis codes up to the PD diagnosis/control reference date.
Total kilograms of agricultural pesticides applied in 2009 in the county of residence in 2009, divided by the total number of agricultural and non-agricultural acres in the county. Excludes 1268 (1.4%) of cases and 327,323 (1.5%) of controls.
Percent of individuals in the county of residence who smoked daily in 2009.