Table 1.

Demographic, Neuropsychological, and Clinical measures

	Male schizophrenia subjects (n = 27)		Male healthy control subjects (n = 26)
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	df	t-test	P-value
Age (years)	44.19	9.62	39.65	11.10	1, 51	−1.59	.118
Handednessb	0.72 (n = 27)	0.24	0.79 (n = 26)	0.17	1, 51	1.250	.217
Socioeconomic statusc
Subjects’s own	3.37 (n = 27)	1.08	2.22 (n = 24)	0.81	1, 47.7	−5.01	<.001**
Parental	2.59 (n = 26)	1.14	2.22 (n = 23)	1.13	1, 47	−1.11	.27
WAIS-III Verbal IQ	98.26 (n = 27)	13.63	112.78 (n = 18)	16.26	1, 43	3.24	.002**
WRAT3_RSd	98.08 (n = 25)	12.29	104.50 (n = 16)	10.22	1, 39	1.76	.090
Symptom onset (age)	23.83	±5.79	NA
	(n = 23)
Duration of illness (years)	20.22	±10.22	NA
	(n = 23)
Antipsychotic Medication Dosagee	417.35	325.29	NA
PANSS (Sum of Positive Scores)	20.65 (n = 26)	8.80	NA
PANSS (Sum of Negative Scores)	20.54 (n = 26)	9.83	NA
PANSS (Sum of General Scores)	41.15 (n = 26)	16.47	NA
PANNS (Sum of all PANSS Scores)	82.35 (n = 26)	28.05	NA

Note: WAIS-III = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—3rd Edition; SAPS = Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SANS = Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; NA = data not applicable.

^aThe df differs among variables owing to unavailability of data in some participants. ^bHandedness was evaluated using the Edinburgh inventory and right -handedness is above zero. ^cHigher scores indicated lower socioeconomic status (Hollingshead, 1965). ^dWide Range Achievement Test Reading Score (WRAT-RS). ^eChorpromazine mg equivalents. Patients were receiving a mixture of typical and atypical medications; one patient was not taking medication at the time of the testing and three patients-specific medications were unknown.

**P < .01.