Table 3.
Associations between selected factors and stunting among children 6–59 months in India
| 2006 | 2016 | Pooled | ||||
| β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
| Immediate determinants | ||||||
| Maternal low BMI (<18.5) | 0.03*** | 0.02 to 0.05 | 0.05*** | 0.04 to 0.05 | 0.04*** | 0.04 to 0.05 |
| Vegetarian | 0.02 | −0.00 to 0.03 | 0.02*** | 0.01 to 0.03 | 0.02*** | 0.01 to 0.03 |
| Health and nutrition services | ||||||
| Health and nutrition services | −0.02*** | −0.03 to −0.02 | −0.01*** | −0.01 to −0.01 | −0.01*** | −0.01 to −0.01 |
| Underlying determinants | ||||||
| Household level | ||||||
| Household size | 0 | −0.00 to 0.01 | 0.00*** | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.00*** | 0.00 to 0.01 |
| SES quintile 1 | 0.12*** | 0.09 to 0.16 | 0.10*** | 0.08 to 0.11 | 0.10*** | 0.09 to 0.12 |
| SES quintile 2 | 0.09*** | 0.05 to 0.12 | 0.07*** | 0.06 to 0.09 | 0.07*** | 0.06 to 0.08 |
| SES quintile 3 | 0.07*** | 0.04 to 0.10 | 0.05*** | 0.03 to 0.06 | 0.05*** | 0.04 to 0.06 |
| SES quintile 4 | 0.04* | 0.01 to 0.07 | 0.03*** | 0.02 to 0.04 | 0.03*** | 0.02 to 0.04 |
| Any household member has health insurance | 0 | −0.04 to 0.04 | −0.02*** | −0.02 to −0.01 | −0.01*** | −0.02 to −0.01 |
| Scheduled castes | 0.06*** | 0.03 to 0.08 | 0.06*** | 0.05 to 0.07 | 0.06*** | 0.05 to 0.07 |
| Scheduled tribe | 0.04* | 0.01 to 0.07 | 0.04*** | 0.02 to 0.05 | 0.04*** | 0.02 to 0.05 |
| Other backward classes | 0.02* | 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.03*** | 0.02 to 0.04 | 0.03*** | 0.02 to 0.04 |
| Hindu religion | −0.01 | −0.04 to 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.02 | 0 | −0.01 to 0.02 |
| Muslim religion | 0.01 | −0.02 to 0.05 | 0.04*** | 0.02 to 0.06 | 0.04*** | 0.02 to 0.05 |
| Hygiene and sanitation | ||||||
| Hygiene score | −0.01** | −0.02 to −0.00 | −0.02*** | −0.02 to −0.01 | −0.02*** | −0.02 to −0.01 |
| Maternal level | ||||||
| High school (10-12) | −0.07*** | −0.10 to −0.05 | −0.05*** | −0.06 to −0.04 | −0.05*** | −0.06 to −0.05 |
| College or higher | −0.10*** | −0.13 to −0.07 | −0.08*** | −0.09 to −0.07 | −0.08*** | −0.10 to −0.07 |
| Married before 18 | 0.01 | −0.01 to 0.02 | 0 | −0.00 to 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.00 to 0.01 |
| Village factors | ||||||
| % households having toilet | −0.05* | −0.08 to −0.01 | −0.04*** | −0.05 to −0.02 | −0.04*** | −0.05 to −0.02 |
| % households having electricity | −0.02 | −0.05 to 0.01 | −0.05*** | −0.06 to −0.03 | −0.04*** | −0.06 to −0.03 |
| Rural | −0.00 | −0.03 to 0.02 | 0.02** | 0.00 to 0.03 | 0.01* | 0.00 to 0.02 |
| Child | ||||||
| Birth order | 0.01* | 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.01*** | 0.01 to 0.02 | 0.01*** | 0.01 to 0.01 |
| Boy | 0.01 | −0.00 to 0.02 | 0.02*** | 0.01 to 0.03 | 0.02*** | 0.01 to 0.02 |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
ANC, antenatal care; BMI, body mass index; IFA, iron and folic acid; SES, social economic status.