Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis examining sociodemographic and clinical associations with linked HES-ONS mortality in the matched cohort
| Variable | Total population (n=248 698) |
Patient deceased (n=28 161 11.32%) |
Patient alive (n=2 20 537 88.68%) |
OR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | aOR‡ (95% CI) |
| Sociodemographic variables | ||||||
| Age: mean (SD) | 43.50 (22.79) | 77.75 (18.75) | 39.13 (19.28) | 1.091 (1.090 to 1.092)** | 1.093 (1.092 to 1.095)** | 1.092 (1.091 to 1.094)** |
| Male sex: n (%) | 123 818 (49.79) | 13 824 (49.09) | 109 994 (49.88) | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)* | 1.51 (1.45 to 1.56)** | 1.50 (1.45 to 1.55)** |
| Ethnicity coded: n (%) | ||||||
| British, Irish or any other white ethnic groups | 131 150 (58.93) | 20 717 (78.96) | 110 433 (56.26) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Mixed | 6477 (2.91) | 180 (0.69) | 6297 (3.21) | 0.15 (0.13 to 0.18)** | 0.67 (0.56 to 0.80)** | 0.65 (0.54 to 0.79)** |
| Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi or ‘other Asian’ | 10 155 (4.56) | 915 (3.49) | 9240 (4.71) | 0.53 (0.49 to 0.57)** | 0.68 (0.62 to 0.74)** | 0.67 (0.62 to 0.73)** |
| Caribbean, African or any ‘other black’ | 38 013 (17.08) | 2611 (9.95) | 35 402 (18.03) | 0.39 (0.38 to 0.41)** | 0.60 (0.57 to 0.64)** | 0.60 (0.57 to 0.63)** |
| Other | 15 393 (6.92) | 626 (2.39) | 14 767 (7.52) | 0.23 (0.21 to 0.25)** | 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55)** | 0.50 (0.46 to 0.55)** |
| Not stated | 21 354 (9.60) | 1189 (4.53) | 20 165 (10.27) | 0.31 (0.30 to 0.33)** | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02) | 0.92 (0.86 to 1.00)* |
| Resident in SLaM catchment area: n (%) | 177 766 (73.53) | 22 329 (81.48) | 155 437 (72.51) | 1.67 (1.62 to 1.72)** | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.88)** | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.88)** |
| Quartiles of neighbourhood deprivation: n (%) | ||||||
| First (most deprived) | 60 220 (25.09) | 7217 (26.42) | 53 003 (24.92) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Second | 59 786 (24.91) | 6573 (24.06) | 53 213 (25.02) | 0.91 (0.88 to 0.94)** | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13)* | 1.08 (1.03 to 1.13)* |
| Third | 60 052 (25.02) | 6857 (25.10) | 53 195 (25.01) | 0.95 (0.91 to 0.98)* | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.30)** | 1.23 (1.17 to 1.29)** |
| Fourth (least deprived) | 59 973 (24.99) | 6667 (24.41) | 53 306 (25.06) | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95)** | 1.30 (1.23 to 1.36)** | 1.29 (1.23 to 1.36)** |
| Clinical variables | ||||||
| Primary diagnosis ever: n (%) | ||||||
| F00-F09: organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders | 24 248 (9.75) | 11 940 (42.40) | 12 308 (5.58) | 12.45 (12.09 to 12.83)** | 1.05 (1.00 to 1.11)* | 1.06 (1.01 to 1.11)* |
| F10-F19: mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 26 158 (10.52) | 2549 (9.05) | 23 609 (10.71) | 0.83 (0.80 to 0.87)** | 1.35 (1.27 to 1.44)** | 1.36 (1.28 to 1.45)** |
| F20-F29: schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders | 17 323 (6.97) | 2081 (7.39) | 15 242 (6.91) | 1.07 (1.02 to 1.13)* | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) |
| F30-F39: mood (affective) disorders | 40 515 (16.29) | 4715 (16.74) | 35 800 (16.23) | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.07)* | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97)** | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97)* |
| F40-F49: neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders | 31 599 (12.71) | 2187 (7.77) | 29 412 (13.34) | 0.55 (0.52 to 0.57)** | 0.73 (0.68 to 0.77)** | 0.72 (0.68 to 0.77)** |
| F50-F59: behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors | 8388 (3.37) | 136 (0.48) | 8252 (3.74) | 0.12 (0.11 to 0.15)** | 0.47 (0.38 to 0.57)** | 0.48 (0.39 to 0.58)** |
| F60-F69: disorders of adult personality and behaviour | 6585 (2.65) | 368 (1.31) | 6217 (2.82) | 0.46 (0.41 to 0.51)** | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) |
| F70-F79: mental retardation | 2898 (1.17) | 282 (1.00) | 2616 (1.19) | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.95)* | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.37)* | 1.17 (1.01 to 1.37)* |
| F80-F89: disorders of psychological development | 6991 (2.81) | 47 (0.17) | 6944 (3.15) | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.07)** | 0.60 (0.44 to 0.82)* | 0.61 (0.45 to 0.83)* |
| F90-F98: behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence | 16 363 (6.58) | 67 (0.24) | 16 296 (7.39) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04)** | 0.42 (0.32 to 0.55)** | 0.43 (0.33 to 0.56)** |
| Other diagnosis | 112 556 (45.26) | 10 275 (36.49) | 102 281 (46.38) | 0.66 (0.65 to 0.68)** | 0.64 (0.62 to 0.66)** | 0.64 (0.62 to 0.66)** |
| Quartiles of face-to-face contacts: n (%) | ||||||
| First (least face-to-face contact) | 70 822 (28.48) | 5496 (19.52) | 65 326 (29.62) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Second | 59 811 (24.05) | 7263 (25.79) | 52 548 (23.83) | 1.64 (1.58 to 1.70)** | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.15)* | 1.09 (1.04 to 1.15)* |
| Third | 56 116 (22.56) | 8282 (29.41) | 47 834 (21.69) | 2.06 (1.99 to 2.13)** | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.17)** | 1.11 (1.05 to 1.18)** |
| Fourth (most face-to-face contact) | 61 949 (24.91) | 7120 (25.28) | 54 829 (24.86) | 1.54 (1.49 to 1.60)** | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.05) | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) |
| Inpatient bed days: n (%) | ||||||
| None (0) | 223 527 (89.88) | 24 994 (88.75) | 198 533 (90.02) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
| Low (1–2 days) | 1342 (0.54) | 86 (0.31) | 1256 (0.57) | 0.54 (0.44 to 0.68)** | 1.40 (1.09 to 1.81)* | 1.36 (1.04 to 1.78)* |
| Moderate (3–31 days) | 9133 (3.67) | 939 (3.33) | 8194 (3.72) | 0.91 (0.85 to 0.98)* | 1.54 (1.41 to 1.68)** | 1.53 (1.40 to 1.67)** |
| High (32+ days) | 14 696 (5.91) | 2142 (7.61) | 12 554 (5.69) | 1.36 (1.29 to 1.42)** | 1.55 (1.45 to 1.66)** | 1.55 (1.44 to 1.66)** |
| Optimal match | 203 552 (84.15) | 178 731 (87.81) | 24 821 (12.19) | 0.63 (0.61 to 0.66)** | – | 0.85 (0.81 to 0.90)** |
Missing data: sex (n=37); ethnicity (n=26 156); resident in local catchment area (n=6937); quartiles of neighbourhood deprivation (n=8667); optimal match (n=6808).
*P<0.05. **P<0.001.
†Adjusted for all other variables listed in the table (except optimal match).
‡Adjusted for optimal match rank and inverse probability weighting for matching.
aOR, adjusted OR; HES-ONS, Hospital Episode Statistics-Office for National Statistics; NHS, National Health Service; OR, Odds Ratio; SLaM, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust.