TABLE 1.

List of salient developmental constructs across the lifespan, paired with theoretically-relevant daily activities and sensing solutions. All mention of annotation refers to coding of data by trained human annotators; all mention of “detection” refers to automated coding via trained machine learning algorithms

Developmental construct	Relevant behaviors/exposures	Sensing possibilities	Sample studies
Temperament & Personality	Activity Daily behavior, routines	Amount of motion from accelerometer Annotated from wearable camera; EMA	Buss et al. (1980) Brown et al. (2017)
Child stress and emotional adaptation	Child mood & distress Regulation Context of child distress	Early: Crying or laughing detected from wearable audio Later: EMA Early: Duration to soothe detected via wearable audio; Later: EMA Sporadic annotation (e.g. time locked to tantrums detected from wearable audio)	Rao et al. (2014); Kim and Clements (2015) Gunthert and Wenze (2011); Silk et al. (2011) Ludwig (2018); Silk, Steinberg, and Morris (2003)
Caregiving characteristics	Tone of interactions Physical presence and contact Joint activity Contingent language Parental Sensitivity	Detected from wearable audio Detected from bluetooth or wearable motion sensors Annotated reading or playing; detected mutual gaze from wearable camera or audio Detected via LENA wearable audio algorithms Sporadic annotation (e.g. event-locked to distress detected from wearable audio or within audio “snippets”)	Black et al. (2013); Weusthoff et al. (2013) Olguin et al. (2009); Yao et al. (under review) Rehg et al. (2013); Soderstrom and Wittebolle (2013) Zimmerman et al. (2009) Tobin et al. (2015)
Parental stress	Mood Neurobiological stress reactivity	EMA Ambulatory cortisol, wearable physiology monitors	Gunthert and Wenze (2011) Schlotz (2011); Hovsepian et al. (2015)
Household characteristics	Chaos of home environment Household routines Food availability	Detected via wearable or static audio or camera Regularity of meal-time detected via water or electrical meter Wearable camera	Cook etal. (2018) Froehlich et al. (2009); Gupta et al. (2010) Jia etal. (2018)
Early perceptual development	Visual and auditory experience Gross motor experience Fine motor experience	Wearable cameras and audio recorders Posture and fall detected via wearable motion sensors Wrist-worn motion sensors; toys with embedded motion sensing	Smith et al. (2015) Nam and Park (2013) Varkey, Pompili, and Walls (2012); Verplaetse (1996); Westeyn et al. (2012)
Language learning	Language input and contingency of parental speech	Detected via wearable audio (e.g. via LENA algorithms)	Zimmerman et al. (2009)
Attention & executive function	Daily Cognitive assessments Time spent distracted in attentional focus	Active assessment collected via mobile phone app Detected via wearable motion sensors Cellphone use monitoring application	Maekawa, Anderson, de Brecht, and Yamagishi (2018) Tawari et al. (2014) Wang, Chen et al. (2014)
Peer, teacher, or family interactions (incl. e.g. marital or sibling conflict)	Quantity of interactions Classroom activity  Quality of interactions	Contingent speech detected via wearable audio Proximity detected via wearable Bluetooth sensors Detected via static audio recordings Conflict or supportiveness annotated from snippets via wearable audio recorder	Berke et al. (2011) Olguin et al. (2009) Wang, Pan, Miller, and Cortina (2014) Slatcher and Trentacosta (2012); Tobin etal. (2015)
Puberty	Hormonal changes	Ambulatory assessment of saliva samples	Schlotz (2011)
Identity formation	Visible advertising or stereotypes	Wearable camera with some automated assistance	Zhang and Rehg (2018)
Academic success	Time spent studying Afterschool activities Classroom engagement	Detected via multimodal cellphone sensor monitoring Geocoded from GPS data Detected via pressure-sensitive seats, motion and physiological sensors	Wang, Chen et al. (2014) Byrnes et al. (2017) Dragon et al. (2008)
Risky activity (sex, drug abuse)	Frequency of content words Alcohol or other substance use Common activity by location	Transcription of snippets from wearable audio Detected via multimodal cellphone sensor monitoring; specialized biomarker sensors Geocoded from GPS data	Pennebaker, Mehl, and Niederhoffer (2003) Bae et al. (2017);Bertz et al. (2018) Byrnes et al. (2017)
Aging	Cognitive and physical decline	Detected via static multimodal platforms	Kaye et al.(2011)
Physical & mental health	Psychiatric symptoms Sleep; physical activity; eating episodes	EMA Detected via motion sensors	aan het Rot, (2012) Bussmann and Ebner-Priemer(2012); Robillard et al. (2015); Thomaz et al. (2015)
Other relevant exposures	Phone use Nutrition Sugar consumption	Cell phone monitoring application Annotated via participant-collected photo logs Continuous glucose monitoring sensors	Harari et al. (2017) Cordeiro et al. (2015) Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (2008)