Table 2.

PICOS criteria for study inclusion and exclusion.

INCLUDE	EXCLUDE
Participants
Studies including participants of any age group	Animal studies
Interventions
Studies evaluating the impact of new BRT, Open Streets programs, bicycle paths and/or aerial tram infrastructure on at least one health-related behavior and/or health outcome. Studies evaluating traffic-free bicycle infrastructure, such as multi-use trails, bridges and boardwalks that report on cycling outcomes separately. Multicomponent interventions, including those implemented across different sites, were included only if the impact of BRT, Open Streets programs, bicycle lanes and/or aerial trams was explicitly evaluated and reported on in at least one of these sites. Systems-based simulation studies exploring the impact of transportation mode choice (including bus, bicycle and/or aerial trams) on at least one health-related behavior and/or health outcome were included, even if no policy scenarios were simulated	Studies evaluating light rail transport systems, bicycle boxes, intersection crossings and roundabouts. System-based simulation studies exploring transportation choices that do not include bus, cycling or aerial trams, or do not consider health-related behavior or health outcomes. Simulation studies modelling route choice but not reporting on mode share including at least one of the aforementioned modes, or health-related behaviors or health outcomes.
Comparators
Evaluations and system-based simulation studies comparing the impact of BRT, bicycle paths, Open Streets programs and aerial tram policies and/or transportation choices including at least one of these modes, on health-related outcomes.
Outcomes
Studies that report on at least one health-related behavior or health outcome, including injury, prevalence and counts of walking or cycling, time and distance walked or cycled (surrogates of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE)), cycling speed (only if distance and/or time travelled are reported, thus enabling the assessment of PAEE). Studies reporting on mode share including bus, bicycle or aerial trams were also included.	Studies reporting on intermediary outcomes, such as air pollution, intentionality for behavior change or car crashes, without making a link to health-related behavior or health outcomes.
Study design
Studies published in peer-reviewed journals or as peer-reviewed conference proceedings. Quasi-experimental studies and natural experiments with longitudinal designs. Systems-based simulation studies, such as agent-based models and system dynamics models	Studies that only collected follow-up data before the intervention was completed or that are cross-sectional in nature. Qualitative studies providing no quantitative assessment of policy effects and simulation studies that are not systems-based (e.g., health impact models). Commentaries and opinion pieces.