Increased excitability of inhibitory neurons. A, Immunohistochemical example of a PV+ inhibitory neuron, confirming the correct cell type was patched based on morphology. B, C, Excitability of L2/3 fast-spiking interneurons is increased in nf1+/− mice compared with WT mice during the critical period for OD plasticity as assessed by (B) the number of APs induced by current injection (two-way ANOVA, genotype effect, F(1,19) = 4.78, p = 0.04, area under curve comparison, t test, p = 0.04) and (C) the maximum number of APs (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.02; WT: n = 12 cells from 5 mice, nf1+/−: n = 9 cells from 5 mice). D, E, Excitability of L2/3 pyramidal neurons is not different between WT and nf1+/− mice during the critical period for OD plasticity as assessed by (D) the number of APs induced by current injection the number of APs induced by current injection (two-way ANOVA, genotype effect, F(1,25) = 0.36, p = 0.55, area under curve comparison, t test, p = 0.55) and (E) the maximum number of APs (Mann–Whitney, p = 0.80; WT: n = 11 cells from 5 mice, nf1+/−: n = 16 cells from 6 mice). *p < 0.05.