Table 2.
Study | Defintion of confirmed COVID-19 | Outcome of interest | Definition of severe COVID-19 | Started in ICU, % | AKI | Definition of AKI | ALI | Definition of ALI | Coagulopathy | Definition of coagulopathy | Newcastle-Ottawa scale |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bai et al.10 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | N/A | N/A | 12/36 vs 0/91 | KDIGO | 9/36 vs 1/91 | N/A | 14/36 vs 0/91 | N/A | 9 |
Cao et al.11 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | N/A | 17.6 | 15/17 vs 5/85 | N/A | 13/17 vs 21/85 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 |
Chen et al.12 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | N/A | N/A | 15/31 vs 3/92 | KDIGO | 6/31 vs 13/92 | Increased ALT >2× UNL without preexisting chronic liver disease and Drug-induced liver injury | 24/31 vs 18/92 | Abnormal PT, APTT, D-dimer, and platelet, excluding anticoagulant effect | 9 |
Chen et al.13 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined) | N/A | 28/113 vs 1/161 | KDIGO | 10/113 vs 3/161 | Jaundice with a total bilirubin level of ≥3 mg/dL and increased ALT ≥5× UNL and/or increased ALP ≥2 UNL |
19/113 vs 2/161 | DIC | 7 |
Luo et al.14 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | N/A | N/A | 43/100 vs 14/303 | N/A | 71/100 vs 16/303 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 |
Yang et al.23 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | N/A | 100 | 12/32 vs 3/20 | KDIGO | 9/32 vs 6/20 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 |
Zhou et al.15 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined) | 26 | 27/54 vs 1/137 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | 27/54 vs 10/137 | 3-second extension of PT or 5-second extension of APTT | 9 |
Guan16 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: American Thoracic Society (on admission) | 5 | 5/173 vs 1/926 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | 5/173 vs 1/926 | DIC | 6 |
Hu et al.17 | Clinical with Radiological and/or + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: Chinese- World Health Organization Joint Mission (on admission) | N/A | 15/172 vs 2/151 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 |
Li et al.24 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined) | N/A | 7/26 vs 12/299 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 |
Liu et al.18 | Clinical with Laboratory Confirmation | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: Chinese NHC (at the end of study) | 13.1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9 |
Wan et al.20 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined) | N/A | 1/40 vs 4/95 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 |
Zhang et al.19 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | Severe COVID-19 | Severe: Chinese NHC (on admission) | 31.9 | 8/55 vs 2/166 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 6 |
Huang, 2020 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | ICU Care | N/A | N/A | 3/13 vs 0/28 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 |
Wang et al.21 | + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 | ICU Care | N/A | N/A | 3/36 vs 2/102 | KDIGO | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 7 |
Note. Data are presented stratified by those with outcome of interest vs. those without outcome of interest. The mean Newcastle-Ottawa scale of the included studies was 7.3 ± 1.2 indicating a moderate risk of bias. COVID-19 = Coronavirus Disease 2019; ICU = intensive care unit; AKI = acute kidney injury; ALI = acute liver injury; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2 = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; N/A = not available; KDIGO = Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; UNL = upper normal limit; PT = prothrombin time; APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; NHC = National Health Commission; DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation.