. 2020 Jul 7;7:2054358120938573. doi: 10.1177/2054358120938573

Table 2.

Characteristics of Exposures and Outcome of the Included Studies.

Study	Defintion of confirmed COVID-19	Outcome of interest	Definition of severe COVID-19	Started in ICU, %	AKI	Definition of AKI	ALI	Definition of ALI	Coagulopathy	Definition of coagulopathy	Newcastle-Ottawa scale
Bai et al.¹⁰	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	N/A	N/A	12/36 vs 0/91	KDIGO	9/36 vs 1/91	N/A	14/36 vs 0/91	N/A	9
Cao et al.¹¹	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	N/A	17.6	15/17 vs 5/85	N/A	13/17 vs 21/85	N/A	N/A	N/A	7
Chen et al.¹²	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	N/A	N/A	15/31 vs 3/92	KDIGO	6/31 vs 13/92	Increased ALT >2× UNL without preexisting chronic liver disease and Drug-induced liver injury	24/31 vs 18/92	Abnormal PT, APTT, D-dimer, and platelet, excluding anticoagulant effect	9
Chen et al.¹³	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined)	N/A	28/113 vs 1/161	KDIGO	10/113 vs 3/161	Jaundice with a total bilirubin level of ≥3 mg/dL and increased ALT ≥5× UNL and/or increased ALP ≥2 UNL	19/113 vs 2/161	DIC	7
Luo et al.¹⁴	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	N/A	N/A	43/100 vs 14/303	N/A	71/100 vs 16/303	N/A	N/A	N/A	7
Yang et al.²³	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	N/A	100	12/32 vs 3/20	KDIGO	9/32 vs 6/20	N/A	N/A	N/A	7
Zhou et al.¹⁵	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Mortality	Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined)	26	27/54 vs 1/137	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	27/54 vs 10/137	3-second extension of PT or 5-second extension of APTT	9
Guan¹⁶	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Severe COVID-19	Severe: American Thoracic Society (on admission)	5	5/173 vs 1/926	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	5/173 vs 1/926	DIC	6
Hu et al.¹⁷	Clinical with Radiological and/or + RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Severe COVID-19	Severe: Chinese- World Health Organization Joint Mission (on admission)	N/A	15/172 vs 2/151	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	8
Li et al.²⁴	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Severe COVID-19	Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined)	N/A	7/26 vs 12/299	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	6
Liu et al.¹⁸	Clinical with Laboratory Confirmation	Severe COVID-19	Severe: Chinese NHC (at the end of study)	13.1	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	9
Wan et al.²⁰	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Severe COVID-19	Severe: Chinese NHC (not defined)	N/A	1/40 vs 4/95	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	6
Zhang et al.¹⁹	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	Severe COVID-19	Severe: Chinese NHC (on admission)	31.9	8/55 vs 2/166	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	6
Huang, 2020	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	ICU Care	N/A	N/A	3/13 vs 0/28	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	7
Wang et al.²¹	+ RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2	ICU Care	N/A	N/A	3/36 vs 2/102	KDIGO	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	7

Note. Data are presented stratified by those with outcome of interest vs. those without outcome of interest. The mean Newcastle-Ottawa scale of the included studies was 7.3 ± 1.2 indicating a moderate risk of bias. COVID-19 = Coronavirus Disease 2019; ICU = intensive care unit; AKI = acute kidney injury; ALI = acute liver injury; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2 = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; N/A = not available; KDIGO = Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; UNL = upper normal limit; PT = prothrombin time; APTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; NHC = National Health Commission; DIC = disseminated intravascular coagulation.