Table 1. Characteristics of included and non-included participantsa.
| n | Included | n | Non-included | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Male sex | 479 | 251 (52) | 758 | 368 (49) | 0.19 |
| Birth weight, kg | 479 | 3.1 (0.4) | 692 | 3.0 (0.5) | 0.74 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 479 | 38.4 (1.5) | 692 | 38.2 (1.6) | 0.13 |
| At year 6 | |||||
| cIMT, mm | 479 | 0.42 (0.29) | 34 | 0.42 (0.24) | 0.37 |
| cfPWV, m/s | 479 | 4.8 (1.2) | 63 | 5.3 (5.2) | 0.47 |
| AIx, % | 479 | 17.9 (10.1) | 66 | 16.3 (11.5) | 0.21 |
| AIx@75, % | 479 | 21.9 (10.1) | 59 | 21.8 (9.3) | 0.94 |
| SBP, mmHg | 452 | 98.8 (8.1) | 241 | 99.1 (8.4) | 0.61 |
| DBP, mmHg | 452 | 59.1 (6) | 241 | 59.6 (6.3) | 0.35 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 478 | 15.5 (2.4) | 358 | 15.5 (2.2) | 0.92 |
| BMI z-score, SD | 478 | -0.03 (1.40) | 358 | -0.02 (1.32) | 0.81 |
| Overweight (obesity included)b | 478 | 89 (19) | 358 | 65 (18) | 0.96 |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Age at delivery, years | 479 | 31.4 (5) | 692 | 31 (5.2) | 0.18 |
| Primiparous, % | 479 | 216 (45) | 692 | 319 (46) | 0.73 |
| Ethnicity, % | 479 | 758 | 0.03 | ||
| Chinese | 290 (61) | 401 (53) | |||
| Malay | 111 (23) | 211 (28) | |||
| Indian | 78 (16) | 146 (19) | |||
| Educational attainment, % | 476 | 744 | 0.69 | ||
| No formal education/primary/secondary | 145 (30) | 237 (32) | |||
| Postsecondary | 165 (35) | 265 (36) | |||
| University | 166 (35) | 242 (33) | |||
| BMI before pregnancy, kg/m2 | 437 | 639 | 0.27 | ||
| <18.5 | 45 (10) | 79 (12) | |||
| 18.5-22.9 | 230 (53) | 311 (49) | |||
| 23.0-24.9 | 60 (14) | 76 (12) | |||
| ≥25.0 | 102 (23) | 173 (27) | |||
| Glycaemia at 26 weeks’ gestation | |||||
| FPG, mmol/L | 479 | 4.3 (0.5) | 649 | 4.4 (0.5) | 0.19 |
| 2-hr PPPG, mmol/L | 479 | 6.5 (1.4) | 649 | 6.6 (1.5) | 0.13 |
| GDM using WHO 2013 criteria, % | 479 | 62 (13) | 649 | 80 (12) | 0.76 |
| GDM using WHO 1999 criteria, % | 479 | 84 (18) | 649 | 127 (20) | 0.39 |
| Diet-treated only | 76 (90) | 107 (84) | |||
| Diet and insulin-treated | 5 (6) | 12 (9) | |||
| Not treated | 3 (4) | 6 (5) | |||
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 2 (2) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy or early gestational (<20 weeks’ gestation) BP categoryc, % | 464 | 676 | 0.001 | ||
| Normotensive | 314 (68) | 399 (59) | |||
| Elevated BP | 92 (20) | 139 (21) | |||
| Hypertensive | 58 (13) | 138 (20) | |||
| Active smoking at 26 weeks’ gestation % | 429 | 24 (6) | 549 | 29 (5) | 0.83 |
| Exposure to tobacco at home and/or work in early pregnancy and at 26 weeks, % | 458 | 173 (38) | 671 | 255 (38) | 0.94 |
a
Values are mean ± SD or n (%). Values before multiple imputation.
b
Using WHO 2006 definition.
c
Using ACC/AHA 2017 definition15.
Abbreviations: cIMT: carotid intima media thickness, cfPWV: carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, AIx: augmentation index, AIx@75: augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 beats/min, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, BP: blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, PPPG: postprandial plasma glucose.