Table I.
Disinfectants used in the study
| Disinfectant | Active ingredient | Supplier | Country or region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ethanol (75%) | Ethanol 75% | VWR Chemicals BDH | USA |
| Bleach (10%) | Sodium hypochlorite 10%, | Kao | Japan |
| Virkon (2%) | Potassium peroxymonosulfate 21.41%, sodium chloride 1.5% | Lanxess | UK |
| Formalin (10%) | Formaldehyde 4% | Thermo fisher | USA |
| Lysis buffer (EasyMAG) | Guanidine thiocyanate 50%, Triton X-100 <2%, EDTA <1% | Biomerieux | France |
| AVL (viral lysis buffer) | Guanidine thiocyanate 50–70% | Qiagen | USA |
| Liquid hand soap | Biodegradable amphoteric surfactants and DMDM hydantoin | Funchem | HKSAR |
| Hand wash | Sodium laureth sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine | Manning | China |
| Hand rub (WHO formulation 1) | Ethanol 80% v/v, glycerol 1.45% v/v, hydrogen peroxide 0.125% v/v | HKU in-house | HKSAR |
| Advanced hand sanitizer | Ethyl alcohol 70% | Purell | USA |
| Disinfection solution | Sodium hypochlorite 0.002% and hypochlorous acid 0.013% | Dermo Dacyn | USA |
| Hand wash | Chloroxylenol (PCMX) | Walch | Germany |
HKSAR, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKU, University of Hong Kong; DMDM hydantoin, 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione; WHO, World Health Organization.