Fig. 1. Preparation, characterizations and electrochemical performances of TA–Pb.

a A scheme illustrated for the TA–Pb preparation. The inset is the HRTEM image of single-layer TA–Pb. Scale bar, 10 nm. b Pb L₃-edge EXAFS spectrum of TA–Pb. The inset is the proposed structure of TA–Pb. c FEs of 3-layer TA–Pb at steady state under different potentials. d j-t curve and corresponding formate FE of 3-layer TA–Pb at steady state (stage III in the inset) under −0.92 V. The inset is the j-t curve of the as-prepared TA–Pb, which can be divided into three stages labeled as I, II, and III. e ¹H-NMR spectra of formate by using ¹²CO₂ and ¹³CO₂ as feedstocks by using 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ as the electrolyte to eliminate the interference of NaHCO₃. Error bars correspond to the standard error of the mean.