Table 3.
Comparison of score changes between the intervention and control groups following the DCP intervention (excluding data of two participants whose MMSE-J change scores corresponded to 0% and 100% of the quantile values).
| Intervention group (n = 21) | Control group (n = 16) | Permutation test p-value | Adjusted by FDR p-value | Effect size (η2) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||
| Cognitive function measures | ||||||||
| MMSE-J total score | 1.67 | 3.65 | −2.25 | 2.77 | 0.000 | 0.000* | DCP > NT | 0.38 |
| Orientation | 0.52 | 1.99 | −0.31 | 1.58 | 0.042 | 0.089 | ns | 0.12 |
| Registration | 0.19 | 0.75 | −0.50 | 1.32 | 0.083 | 0.139 | ns | 0.09 |
| Spell backward in reverse | 0.05 | 1.70 | −0.81 | 1.17 | 0.000 | 0.000* | DCP > NT | 0.28 |
| Recall | 0.52 | 0.98 | −0.31 | 0.87 | 0.012 | 0.034* | DCP > NT | 0.15 |
| Language: names | −0.05 | 0.80 | −0.25 | 0.77 | 0.070 | 0.129 | ns | 0.08 |
| Language: repeat | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.19 | 0.75 | 0.726 | 0.841 | ns | 0.00 |
| Language: 3 stage command | 0.29 | 0.90 | −0.31 | 1.40 | 0.005 | 0.029* | DCP > NT | 0.18 |
| Language: following a written command | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.726 | 0.841 | ns | 0.00 |
| Language: writing a sentence | 0.00 | 0.55 | −0.19 | 0.54 | 0.035 | 0.082 | ns | 0.11 |
| Visuospatial abilities: copying a diagram | 0.00 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.37 | 0.439 | 0.590 | ns | 0.01 |
| FAB total score | 2.48 | 3.39 | −0.44 | 2.19 | 0.003 | 0.029* | DCP > NT | 0.22 |
| Similarities (conceptualization) | 1.10 | 1.26 | 0.75 | 1.18 | 0.388 | 0.565 | ns | 0.02 |
| Lexical fluency (mental flexibility) | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.533 | 0.691 | ns | 0.02 |
| Motor series (programming) | 0.57 | 1.47 | −0.38 | 1.20 | 0.046 | 0.089 | ns | 0.10 |
| Conflicting instructions (sensitivity to interference) | 0.14 | 1.01 | −0.50 | 0.97 | 0.007 | 0.035* | DCP > NT | 0.17 |
| Go–No Go (inhibitory control) | 0.43 | 1.12 | −0.19 | 0.40 | 0.005 | 0.029* | DCP > NT | 0.19 |
| Prehension behavior (environmental autonomy) | 0.24 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.73 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ns | 0.00 |
| Mood state measures | ||||||||
| GDS (Score) | −0.19 | 2.75 | 0.31 | 2.94 | 0.619 | 0.774 | ns | 0.02 |
| LSI-K (Score) | 0.24 | 2.47 | 0.12 | 1.93 | 0.427 | 0.590 | ns | 0.05 |
| Motor function measures | ||||||||
| Hand grip strength (in kg) | 0.30 | 2.04 | 0.30 | 2.52 | 0.327 | 0.520 | ns | 0.02 |
| Active shoulder flexion (°) | 5.24 | 28.74 | −5.94 | 15.41 | 0.005 | 0.027* | DCP > NT | 0.15 |
| Active elbow flexion (°) | −0.95 | 7.18 | −6.88 | 22.50 | 0.784 | 0.858 | ns | 0.02 |
| Active elbow extension (°) | 2.62 | 13.84 | 2.19 | 11.40 | 0.375 | 0.565 | ns | 0.02 |
| Active wrist palmar flexion (°) | 14.29 | 32.18 | −2.19 | 11.54 | 0.000 | 0.000* | DCP > NT | 0.36 |
| Active wrist dorsiflexion (°) | 4.55 | 17.92 | 4.38 | 11.81 | 0.034 | 0.082 | ns | 0.14 |
| Body composition measures | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) | −0.28 | 2.11 | −0.46 | 2.30 | 0.745 | 0.841 | ns | 0.00 |
| Body muscle mass (kg) | −0.51 | 1.86 | 0.51 | 1.24 | 0.008 | 0.035* | DCP < NT | 0.19 |
| Body ECW/TBW | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.843 | 0.868 | ns | 0.00 |
| Protein (kg) | −0.10 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.010 | 0.034* | DCP < NT | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.09 | 1.02 | −0.29 | 1.23 | 0.824 | 0.868 | ns | 0.00 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | −0.17 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.011 | 0.041* | DCP < NT | 0.18 |
| Dominant hand muscle mass (kg) | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.013 | 0.034* | DCP < NT | 0.15 |
| Dominant hand ECW/TBW | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.083 | 0.139 | ns | 0.08 |
| Arm SMM (kg/m2) | −0.01 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.044 | 0.089 | ns | 0.11 |
*p < 0.05. SD, standard deviation; Score changes, post score minus pre score; MMSE-J, Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery at Bedside; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; LSI-K, Life Satisfaction Index-K; Body ECW/TBW, body extracellular water ratio; Protein, total body protein; BMI, body mass index; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; Arm SMM; arm skeletal muscle mass.