Table 1.
Therapeutic options for COVID-19 [59]
| Diseases | Drug targets | Antiviral agents | Status | Target pathogens | RefS. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV | Spike glycoprotein | Nafamostat | Approved | Anticoagulant therapy in Asian countries | [99, 100] |
| SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV | Interferon response | Recombinant interferons | Approved | Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IFN-α2a) | [101–103] |
| Approved | Melanoma (IFN-α2b) | ||||
| Approved | Multiple sclerosis (IFN-β1a, 1b), chronic granulomatous disease (IFN-γ) | ||||
| SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; MERS-CoV | Endosomal acidification | Chloroquine | Approved | Malaria and certain amoeba infections | [99, 104–106] |
| Open-label trial | SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
| Broad-spectrum(e.g. coronaviruses; SARS-CoV-2) | Interferon response | Nitazoxanide | Approved | Diarrhea | [99, 107] |
| Broad-spectrum (HCoV-229E) | Interferon response | Cyclophilin inhibitors (Compound 30) | Preclinical | – | [108] |
| Influenza; SARS- CoV-2 | RdRp | Favipiravir | Approved | Influenza | [99, 109] |
| Randomized trial | SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
| SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; RSV; HCV MERS-CoV | RdRp | Ribavirin | Approved | HCV and RSV | [99] |
| Randomized trial | SARS SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
| SARS-CoV-2 | RdRp | Penciclovir | Approved | HSV | [99] |
| SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV | Remdesivir (GS-5734) | Phase 3 | SARS-CoV-2 | [99, 109, 110] | |
| Phase 1 | Ebola | ||||
| SARS-CoV-2; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV; HCoV-229E; HIV; HPV | 3CLpro | Lopinavir | Approved | HIV | [110] [103, 111] |
| Phase 3 | SARS-CoV-2 |