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. 2020 Jun 15;12(6):2322–2343.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The mechanism by which proinflammatory cytokines in the OA knee joint stimulates MSCs to produce IDO1. IL-1β directly activates ISRE, while TNF-α, and IFN-γ activate ISRE via IRF1 molecule. ISRE signaling stimulates STAT1 which block IDO1 suppressor gene Bin1 and stimulate IDO1 production via NF-κβ pathway. High levels of IDO1 affects chondrocytes biology and inhibits chondrogenesis.