Table 1.

List of cytokines and chemokines involving osteoarthritis pathophysiology

Cytokine/chemokine	Function	Situ in The Joint	Reference
IL-10, IL13, IL-4, IL-19, IL-32a, IL-32b, IL-32g and IL-32d, TGF-β	It has a chondroprotective role. Other literature suggesting an inflammatory enhancing role	Synovial fluid/subchondral bone/articular cartilage	[19,36,49,51,56,58,59,60,82]
TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, IFN-γ, IL-6	It increases inflammation and cartilage degradation by inducing synovitis and mmp13 in the chondrocytes	Synovial fluid/subchondral bone/articular cartilage	[49,50,51,53,58,101]
IL-8	It induces inflammatory responses in the synovium	Synovial fluid	[19,51]
IL-15, IL-17	It has inflammatory influence and some anti-inflammatory functions	Synovial fluid	[50,52]