Table 1.
Biochemical and haematological parameters stratified by sex-gender and smoking habit before body weight normalization
| 2-way ANOVA P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Parameters | Groups | Men | Women | Sex-gender | Smoke | Interaction |
| Glycaemia (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 80.9 ± 9.1 | 77.3 ± 9.7 | 0.011 | ns | ns |
| S | 78.5 ± 8.6 | 73.9 ± 12.6 | ||||
| TChol (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 181.4 ± 34.8 | 182.8 ± 28.7 | 0.037 | ns | ns |
| S | 166.0 ± 38.0 | 186.5 ± 27.1 | ||||
| LDL (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 111.1 ± 29.6 | 109.2 ± 24.3 | ns | 0.032 | ns |
| S | 93.3 ± 29.6 | 108.2 ± 21.3 | ||||
| HDL (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 52.4 ± 12.1 | 60.7 ± 11.4 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 54.3 ± 13.9 | 61.3 ± 11.0 | ||||
| HDL/LDL | Non-S | 0.5 ± 0.2a2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | ns | 0.043 | 0.047 |
| S | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | ||||
| TG (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 89.4 ± 38.5 | 66.8 ± 21.8 | 0.036 | ns | ns |
| S | 91.6 ± 64.3 | 87.2 ± 37.2 | ||||
| Cr (mg ml-1) | Non-S | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | ||||
| CrCl (mg min-1) | Non-S | 120.2 ± 2 1.7 | 100.6 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 114.6 ± 26.2 | 104.1 ± 16.2 | ||||
| Urea (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 35.5 ± 7.7 | 28.8 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 32.8 ± 8.3 | 27.9 ± 7.3 | ||||
| Uric Acid (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 5.4 ± 1.1a1,d3 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | ns | 0.041 |
| S | 4.9 ± 1.2c2 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | ||||
| AST (U l-1) | Non-S | 27.9 ± 13.5 | 19.5 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 24.2 ± 9.9 | 20.0 ± 5.3 | ||||
| ALT (U l-1) | Non-S | 35.2 ± 19.8a2,d3 | 17.8 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 | ns | 0.007 |
| S | 25.4 ± 11.4 | 20.4 ± 11.5 | ||||
| γ-GT (U l-1) | Non-S | 25.6 ± 11.7 | 15.3 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 24.9 ± 13.5 | 19.4 ± 15.8 | ||||
| Bilirubin (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Alkaline Phosphatase (U l-1) | Non-S | 69.8 ± 15.5d3 | 58.6 ± 14.5 | 0.014 | ns | 0.034 |
| S | 63.4 ± 15.1 | 62.5 ± 14.0 | ||||
| Na+ (mEq l-1) | Non-S | 141.9 ± 2.6 | 140.1 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 141.5 ± 1.8 | 139.7 ± 2.4 | ||||
| K+ (mEq l-1) | Non-S | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.3 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Ca2+ (mg dl-1) | Non-S | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 9.5 ± 0.4 | 9.6 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Sideremia (µg l-1) | Non-S | 102.2 ± 38.2 | 84.0 ± 38.1 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 90.1 ± 25.7 | 89.3 ± 44.4 | ||||
| TSH (µUI ml-1) | Non-S | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 2.0 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | ||||
| RBC (1012 l-1) | Non-S | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Hb (g dl-1) | Non-S | 14.5 ± 1.2d3 | 12.5 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | ns | 0.031 |
| S | 14.1 ± 1.3c3 | 12.9 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Haematocrit (%) | Non-S | 43.6 ± 2.8 | 38.7 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | ns | ns |
| S | 42.7 ± 2.8 | 39.2 ± 2.9 | ||||
| MCV (fl) | Non-S | 78.1 ± 11.5 | 80.2 ± 8.2 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 79.5 ± 12.1 | 83.4 ± 7.0 | ||||
| WBC (109 l-1) | Non-S | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.5 | ns | < 0.001 | ns |
| S | 7.6 ± 1.4 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | ||||
| Neutrophils (103 µl-1) | Non-S | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | ns | 0.004 | ns |
| S | 4.2 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 1.2 | ||||
| Lymphocytes (103 µl-1) | Non-S | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | ns | 0.008 | ns |
| S | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | ||||
| Monocytes (103 µl-1) | Non-S | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.10b1,c1 | < 0.001 | 0.008 | ns |
| S | 0.5 ± 0.1d3 | 0.4 ± 0.12 | ||||
| Eosinophils (103 µl-1) | Non-S | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.26 | 0.020 | 0.04 | ns |
| S | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.10 | ||||
| Basophils (103 µl-1) | Non-S | 0.04 ± 0.03 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | ns | ns | ns |
| S | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | ||||
| PLT (109 l-1) | Non-S | 259.8 ± 48.8 | 273.3 ± 53.8b2 | < 0.001 | Ns | 0.006 |
| S | 246.4 ± 50.1c3 | 305.6 ± 50.1 | ||||
Data are reported as the means ± SD of 58 male non-smokers, 27 male smokers, 53 female non-smokers and 32 female smokers. P-values are reported for sex and smoking effects, as well as for sex x smoking interaction. For each parameter, the degree of freedom was 1. Multiple comparison analysis: a1-b1-c1-d1 for P = 0.05-0.01; a2-b2-c2-d2 for P = 0.01-0.001; a3-b3-c3-d3 for P ≤ 0.001; S = smoking; Non-S = non-smoking; ns = not significant.