Table 2.

Biochemical and haematological parameters stratified by sex-gender and smoking habits after body weight normalization

2-way ANOVA P value
Parameters	Groups	Men	Women	Sex-gender	Smoke	Interaction
Glycaemia (mg dl-1)	Non-S	1.1 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.3b1,d2	< 0.001	ns	0.033
	S	1.1 ± 0.2c2	1.3 ± 0.3
TChol (mg dl-1)	Non-S	2.5 ± 0.5d3	3.4 ± 0.6	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	2.4 ± 0.5c3	3.4 ± 0.5
LDL (mg dl-1)	Non-S	1.5 ± 0.4d3	2.0 ± 0.4	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	1.3 ± 0.4c3	2.0 ± 0.4
HDL (mg dl-1)	Non-S	0.7 ± 0.2d3	1.1 ± 0.3	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.8 ± 0.2c3	1.1 ± 0.2
HDL/LDL	Non-S	0.007 ± 0.004a2,d3	0.01 ± 0.004	< 0.001	ns	0.014
	S	0.01 ± 0.005	0.01 ± 0.003
TG (mg dl-1)	Non-S	1.2 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.4b2	ns	0.023	ns
	S	1.3 ± 0.8c1	1.6 ± 0.8
Cr (mg ml-1)	Non-S	0.01 ± 0.001	0.01 ± 0.002	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.01 ± 0.003	0.01 ± 0.001
Urea (mg dl-1)	Non-S	0.49 ± 0.13	0.55 ± 0.18	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.48 ± 0.14	0.51 ± 0.15
Uric Acid (mg dl-1)	Non-S	0.07 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.07 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02
AST (U l-1)	Non-S	0.38 ± 0.15	0.37 ± 0.11	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.36 ± 0.17	0.36 ± 0.10
ALT (U l-1)	Non-S	0.47 ± 0.25a1,d3	0.33 ± 0.15	0.027	ns	0.037
	S	0.37 ± 0.17	0.36 ± 0.19
γ-GT (U l-1)	Non-S	0.35 ± 0.15	0.29 ± 0.09	ns	0.048	ns
	S	0.37 ± 0.18	0.35 ± 0.26
Bilirubin (mg dl-1)	Non-S	0.01 ± 0.006	0.01 ± 0.009	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.01 ± 0.006	0.01 ± 0.008
Alkaline Phosphatase (U l-1)	Non-S	0.96 ± 0.27d2	1.11 ± 0.36	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.93 ± 0.26c2	1.13 ± 0.27
Na+ (mEq l-1)	Non-S	1.94 ± 0.26d3	2.65 ± 0.36	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	2.09 ± 0.32c3	2.55 ± 0.38
K+ (mEq l-1)	Non-S	0.06 ± 0.009d3	0.08 ± 0.01	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.06 ± 0.009c3	0.07 ± 0.01
Ca2+ (mg dl-1)	Non-S	0.13 ± 0.02d3	0.18 ± 0.03	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.14 ± 0.02c3	0.17 ± 0.02
Sideremia (µg l-1)	Non-S	1.42 ± 0.58	1.59 ± 0.78	0.04	ns	ns
	S	1.34 ± 0.45	1.64 ± 0.82
TSH (µUI ml-1)	Non-S	0.03 ± 0.02d2	0.04 ± 0.01	0.026	ns	ns
	S	0.03 ± 0.02	0.03 ± 0.02
RBC (1012 l-1)	Non-S	0.08 ± 0.01d3	0.09 ± 0.01	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.08 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.01
Hb (g dl-1)	Non-S	0.19 ± 0.03d3	0.24 ± 0.03	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.21 ± 0.03c2	0.24 ± 0.04
Haematocrit (%)	Non-S	0.59 ± 0.08d3	0.73 ± 0.11	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	0.63 ± 0.09c2	0.71 ± 0.11
MCV (fl)	Non-S	1.07 ± 0.19d3	1.52 ± 0.26	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	1.16 ± 0.22c3	1.52 ± 0.26
WBC (109 l-1)	Non-S	0.09 ± 0.02a1,d3	0.12 ± 0.03b1	< 0.001	< 0.001	ns
	S	0.11 ± 0.02c2	0.13 ± 0.04
Neutrophils (103 µl-1)	Non-S	0.05 ± 0.01a1,d3	0.06 ± 0.02	< 0.001	0.006	ns
	S	0.06 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02
Lymphocytes (103 µl-1)	Non-S	0.03 ± 0.009d3	0.04 ± 0.01b1	< 0.001	0.005	ns
	S	0.04 ± 0.01c2	0.05 ± 0.02
Monocytes (103 µl-1)	Non-S	0.006 ± 0.002	0.006 ± 0.002b1	ns	0.005	ns
	S	0.007 ± 0.002	0.007 ± 0.002
Eosinophils (103 µl-1)	Non-S	0.003 ± 0.002a2	0.003 ± 0.002	ns	0.005	ns
	S	0.005 ± 0.008	0.004 ± 0.002
Basophils (103 µl-1)	Non-S	0.0006 ± 0.0005	0.0006 ± 0.0007	ns	ns	ns
	S	0.0009 ± 0.0008	0.0008 ± 0.0007
PLT (109 l-1)	Non-S	3.58 ± 0.89d3	5.17 ± 1.24	< 0.001	ns	ns
	S	3.61 ± 0.92c3	5.59 ± 1.37

Data are reported as the means ± SD. P-values are reported for sex-gender and smoking effects, as well as for sex-gender x smoking interaction. For each parameter, the degree of freedom was 1. Multiple comparison analysis: a1-b1-c1-d1 for P = 0.05-0.01; a2-b2-c2-d2 for P = 0.01-0.001; a3-b3-c3-d3 for P ≤ 0.001; S = smoking; Non-S = non-smoking, ns = not significant.