Table 2.
Treatment of SCI patients with chronic injuries by electrical stimulation: change in ISNCSCI Motor Score.
| Paper | n | Motor complete/ incomplete | SCS/FES | Implant/ surface | Tonic/ phasic | Walking/ cycling | Therapy Duration (months) | Therapy intensity (sessions/week) | Total number of training sessions | Mean (range): improvement in ISNCSCI Motor Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Possover (35)a | 4 | Complete/incomplete (B/C) | FES | Implant | Phasic | Walking | 12 | 3–5 | 156–260 | 12.8 (1–21) |
| McDonald et al. (59)b | 1 | Complete (A) | FES | Surface | Phasic | Cycling | 36 | 7 | 1,092 | 20 |
| Wagner et al. (63) | 3 | Incomplete (C/D) | SCS | Implant | Phasic | Walking + cycling | 5 | 5 | 108 | 10.3 (4–16) |
| Sadowsky et al. (60) | 25 | Complete/incomplete (A/B/C) | FES | Surface | Phasic | Cycling | 29.5 (Range 3–168) | 3 | 360 (Range 36–2016) | 8.1 (NR) |
| Gerasimenko et al. (64) | 5 | Complete (B) | SCS + drug | Surface | Tonic | Walking (zero-gravity) | 4 | 1 | 16 | 7 (NR) |
| Yaşar et al. (62) | 10 | Incomplete (C/D) | FES | Surface | Phasic | Cycling | 3 | 3 | 36 | 4.7 (NR)* |
| Duffell et al. (61) | 6 | Incomplete (C/D) | FES | Surface | Phasic | Cycling | 1 | 3 | 12 | 4.7 (0–13)* |
| Angeli et al. (89) | 4 | Complete (A/B) | SCS | Implant | Tonic | Walking | Range 6–20 | 7 | 168–560 | 0.25 (0–1) |
| Carhart et al. (88) | 1 | Incomplete (C) | SCS | Implant | Tonic | Walking | 7 | 5 | 140 | 0 |
| Grahn et al. (85) | 1 | Complete (A) | SCS | Implant | Tonic | Walking | 0.5 | 4 | 8 | 0 |
a
Possover applied continuous low-frequency pelvic nerve stimulation between the training phases.
b
McDonald supplemented FES cycling with continuous stimulation of trunk muscles.
*
Improvement in ISNCSCI motor score taken from follow-up data, as opposed to end of training data.
NR, Not Reported.