Table 1.
Significant differences between identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in six Z. barbatum species.
| Compounds | ZO63 | ZO105 | ZO160 | ZO191 | ZO217 | ZO223 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Hexanal | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 2-methylbutan-2-yl acetate | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| (Z)-3-Octene | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Heptanal | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| γ-Butyrolactone | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Thujene | 0.30 ± 0.09 a | 0.56 ± 0.34 a | 0.22 ± 0.07 a | 0.46 ± 0.28 a | 0.15 ± 0.14 a | 0.16 ± 0.09 a |
| 2-Octanone | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Sabinene | 0.25 ± 0.13 a | 0.32 ± 0.15 a | 0.25 ± 0.28 a | 0.53 ± 0.32 a | 0.10 ± 0.04 a | 0.16 ± 0.16 a |
| Butyl pivalate | 0.08 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.06 ± 0.03 a,b,c | 0.06 ± 0.03 a,b,c | 0.02 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.09 ± 0.03 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 c |
| Decane | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a |
| Octanal | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Phellandrene | 0.12 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.21 ± 0.13 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.12 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.02 b |
| 1,4-Dichlorobenzene | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Terpinene | 0.33 ± 0.08 a,b | 0.64 ± 0.43 a | 0.21 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.36 ± 0.19 a,b | 0.09 ± 0.05 b | 0.17 ± 0.08 a,b |
| o-Cymene | 0.76 ± 0.29 a | 1.51 ± 0.90 a | 0.65 ± 0.14 a | 0.79 ± 0.49 a | 0.52 ± 0.04 a | 0.59 ± 0.15 a |
| Limonene | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
| β-Phellandrene | 0.12 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.23 ± 0.13 a | 0.09 ± 0.02 b | 0.14 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.03 ± 0.03 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 b |
| 3-Methyldecane | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| 2-Methyldecane | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a |
| γ-Terpinene | 0.48 ± 0.12 a,b | 0.94 ± 0.68 a | 0.30 ± 0.10 a,b | 0.55 ± 0.30 a,b | 0.13 ± 0.07 b | 0.23 ± 0.12 a,b |
| 1-Octanol | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a |
| (Z)-Sabinenhydrate | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
| (E)-Sabinenhydrate | 0.07 ± 0.07 a | 0.04 ± 0.05 a | 0.03 ± 0.04 a | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.03 a |
| (4E)-7-Methyl-4-decene | 0.02 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
| 4-Tolualdehyde | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Terpinolene | 0.11 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.21 ± 0.15 a | 0.07 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.12 ± 0.07 a,b | 0.03 ± 0.02 b | 0.05 ± 0.03 a,b |
| p-Cymenene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Decane | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.05 ± 0.00 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 a |
| Nonanal | 0.03 ± 0.03 a | 0.06 ± 0.05 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.05 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a |
| 2,4,6-Trimethyldecane | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
| (E)-3-caren-2-ol | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.001±0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 ab | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b |
| Octyl acetate | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
| L-camphor | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a |
| 1-Nonanol | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Tetrahydrolinalyl acetate | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Terpinen-4-ol | 0.72 ± 0.04 b | 1.25 ± 0.21 a | 0.63 ± 0.10 a,c | 0.79 ± 0.09 b | 0.26 ± 0.06 c | 0.87 ± 0.32 b |
| Naphthalene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 5,6-Dimethylundecane | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a |
| (Z)-Sabinene hydrate acetate | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b |
| 1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
| 4,6-Dimethyldodecane | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Bornyl acetate | 0.15 ± 0.04 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 b | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 b |
| Terpinen-4-ol acetate | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
| Tridecane | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Valeric acid | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| 2,7,10-Trimethyldodecane | 0.00 ±0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 2,5-Bornanediol | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| β-Terpinyl acetate | 0.09 ± 0.02 a | 0.10 ± 0.04 a | 0.07 ± 0.04 a,b | 0.07 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.02 a,b |
| 3-Hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl 2-methylpropanoate | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a |
| α-Ylangene | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| β-Elemene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Tetradecane | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.01 a |
| γ-Elemene | 0.01 ± 0.02 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Bergamotene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ±0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 12-Chloro-5-dodecyne | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| Dihydrocurcumene | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| β-Farnesene | 0.03 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| Selina-5,11-diene | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 3,11-Acoradiene | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Curcumene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| γ-Curcumene | 0.04 ± 0.04 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Cuparene | 0.22 ± 0.20 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.11 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.013 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.01 a |
| γ-Amorphene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Germacrene A | 0.44 ± 0.43 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.39 ± 0.22 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| α-Zingiberene | 0.38 ± 0.34 a | 0.02 ± 0.02 b | 0.34 ± 0.17 a,b | 0.02 ± 0.02 b | 0.01 ± 0.01 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b |
| Valencene | 0.05 ± 0.05 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 0.78 ± 0.08 a | 0.70 ± 0.14 a | 0.80 ± 0.10 a | 0.80 ± 0.11 a | 0.81 ± 0.13 a | 0.66 ± 0.19 a |
| (E)-β-Guaiene | 0.14 ± 0.11 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.11 ± 0.06 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| β-Bisabolene | 0.05 ± 0.04 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b,c | 0.05 ± 0.02 a,b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b,c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 b,c |
| σ-Cadinene | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| β-Sesquiphellandrene | 1.19 ± 0.80 a | 0.11 ± 0.07 b | 1.32 ± 0.68 a | 0.17 ± 0.11 b | 0.09 ± 0.03 b | 0.09 ± 0.05 b |
| 7-epi-α-Selinene | 0.08 ± 0.07 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.03 a,b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 b |
| 1-Iodoundecane | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| (E)-γ-Macrocarpene | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| Germacrene B | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
| 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentadienol diisobutyrate | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a |
| 2-Allyl-1,4-dimethoxy-3-methylbenzene | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.03 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a |
| Hexadecane | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a |
| Elemol acetate | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.02 ± 0.02 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 0.00 ± 0.00 c |
| 2-Tetradecyloxirane | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a |
Compounds with the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey HCD test, α = 0.05). Each value shows the mean ± standard deviation (std) of four replications (two biological and two analytical replications) for each examined accession of Z. barbatum.