. 2020 Jun 18;17(12):4380. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124380

Table 1.

Distribution of intergenerational social support exchange and prevalence of depressive symptoms among older men (n = 3592) and older women (n = 3939) in the 2017 Korean Living Profile Survey of Older People.

	Older Men		Older Women		P	All		Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms (% or Mean ± SD)
	Older Men		Older Women			All		Older Men	Older Women	P	All
	N	Weighted %	N	Weighted %		N	Weighted %	Older Men	Older Women	P	All
N=	3592		3939			7531		12.5	16.5	p < 0.001	14.6
								2.96 ± 3.45	3.54 ± 3.73		3.27 ± 3.62
Emotional support exchange								**	**		**
No exchange	1082	30.3	755	19.1	p < 0.01	1837	24.3	18.4	25.4	p < 0.001	21.3
Receiving support only	316	8.8	389	10.3		705	9.6	14.0	25.1		20.3
Providing support only	112	3.1	98	2.4		210	2.7	10.1	21.9		15.5
Mutual support	2082	57.8	2697	68.2		4779	63.4	9.2	12.5		11.1
Instrumental support exchange
No exchange	1838	51.4	1584	40.7	p < 0.01	3422	45.7	12.5	17.7	p < 0.001	14.8
Receiving support only	1142	31.7	1121	29.3		2263	30.5	12.8	15.7		14.3
Providing support only	171	4.7	306	7.3		477	6.1	8.1	14.0		11.9
Mutual support	441	12.1	928	22.6		1369	17.7	13.2	16.7		15.5
Caring support exchange
No exchange	2596	72.5	2406	61.1	p < 0.01	5002	66.4	12.0	16.5	0.031	14.2
Receiving support only	767	21.2	1157	29.7		1924	25.7	14.3	16.6		15.7
Providing support only	39	1.1	64	1.6		103	1.3	9.8	22.7		17.9
Mutual support	190	5.2	312	7.7		502	6.5	12.7	14.7		13.9
Financial support exchange								**	**		**
No exchange	272	4.5	205	3.0	p < 0.01	477	3.7	33.7	32.6	0.011	33.2
Receiving support only	2199	60.1	2663	66.3		4862	63.4	14.4	17.9		16.3
Providing support only	41	1.4	32	0.9		73	1.2	8.7	24.2		15.4
Mutual support	1080	34.0	1039	29.7		2119	31.7	6.5	11.4		8.9
Age (Mean ± SD)	72.94 ± 5.87		72.24 ± 5.63			72.57 ± 5.76		**	**		**
65–74	2271	63.4	2714	67.2	p < 0.01	4985	65.5	11.1	14.8	0.176	13.1
74–85	1165	32.7	1100	29.5		2265	31	15.4	20.8		18.1
85 and over	156	3.9	125	3.3		281	3.5	11.6	16.0		13.6
Place of residence								**	**
Urban	2367	68.0	2663	70.4	0.127	5031	69.2	13.1	16.7	0.784	15.1
Rural	1225	32.0	1276	29.6	0.127	2500	30.8	10.9	15.6	0.784	13.4
Education								**	**		**
High school and over	1451	40.1	753	18.5	p < 0.01	2204	28.6	9.0	10.0	p < 0.001	9.3
Middle school	778	21.7	662	16.5		1440	18.9	12.0	11.5		11.7
Primary school and less	1363	38.2	2524	64.9		3887	52.4	16.7	19.8		18.7
Equivalent household income								**	**		**
1st 33.3% (highest)	1451	40.1	1346	32.6	p <0.001	2797	36.1	7.1	10.2	0.753	8.6
2nd 33.3%	1192	33.2	1364	34.6		2556	34.0	12.5	16.0		14.4
3rd 33.3%	949	26.7	1229	32.7		2178	29.9	20.8	24.0		22.6
Living arrangements								**	**		**
Living alone	335	10.5	1167	32.6	p < 0.001	1502	22.3	16.1	13.2	p < 0.001	13.8
Living with partner only	2345	64.7	1687	41.4		4032	52.3	5.0	7.0		5.9
Living with adult-children	782	21.3	955	22.9		1737	22.1	7.0	10.6		9.0
Living with others	130	3.5	129	3.1		259	3.3	7.7	11.6		9.7
Number of chronic diseases								**	**		**
None	590	16.5	374	9.4	p < 0.001	964	12.7	7.3	3.5	p < 0.001	5.8
One	808	22.4	621	15.7		1429	18.8	7.3	7.2		7.2
Two and over	2194	61.1	2944	74.9		5138	68.5	15.9	20.1		18.3
Number of friends in close contact								**	**		**
None	1430	39.7	1413	35.9	p < 0.001	2843	37.6	18.2	25.3	0.066	21.7
One	622	17.4	847	21.6		1468	19.7	11.3	16.2		14.1
Two and over	1540	42.9	1679	42.5		3219	42.7	7.8	9.3		8.6
Number of siblings and relatives in close contact								**	**		**
None	1962	54.6	1811	46.2	p < 0.001	3773	50.1	16.0	22.8	0.105	19.2
One	845	23.6	1174	29.9		2019	26.9	10.3	12.8		11.7
Two and over	785	21.9	954	23.9		1739	23.0	6.4	9.2		7.9
Social participation								**	**		**
Yes	2950	81.4	3467	87.7	p < 0.001	6417	84.8	10.4	14.6	p < 0.001	12.7
No	642	18.6	472	12.3	p < 0.001	1114	15.2	21.8	30.1	p < 0.001	25.3
Working status								**	**		**
Yes	1526	42.6	1160	29.9	p < 0.001	2686	35.8	7.1	11.7	0.257	9.1
No	2066	57.4	2779	70.1	p < 0.001	4845	64.2	16.6	18.5	0.257	17.7

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 for differences among the levels of each variable. SD: standard deviation.