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. 2020 May 24;7(2):19. doi: 10.3390/jcdd7020019

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Tgfb3 knockout fetuses exhibit atrioventricular valve thickening. (A,B) H&E stained sections of wildtype (A) and Tgfb3^−/− fetus (E14.5-15.5) showing mitral valve and tricuspid valve thickening (B, arrowheads). Note that the ventricular myocardium is thin and abnormal with muscular ventricular septal defect in Tgfb3^−/− (B, arrow). (C,D), Cardiac muscle actin (clone HHF35) immunohistochemistry of cross-sections of E15.5-16.5 wildtype (C) and Tgfb3^−/− (D) fetuses. Tgfb3^−/− fetus develop thickened mitral valves (D, arrow). Scale bars = 200 µm for (A,B), 50 µm for (C,D). Abbreviations: rv, right ventricle; lv, left ventricle; tv, tricuspid valve; mv, mitral valve.