. 2020 Jun 24;17(12):4536. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124536

Table 1.

Stress intensity and coping strategies in the surveyed students-results of the significance test of differences including the grouping variable-country of residence.

Variables		Country of Residence			ANOVA (F-Test)	p Value
		Poland n = 404 (40.3%)	Spain n = 208 (20.8%)	Slovakia n = 390 (38.9%)
		M ± SD, Me, Min.—Max., −95%, +95%	M ± SD, Me, Min.—Max., −95%, +95%	M ± SD, Me, Min.—Max., −95%, +95%
Stress intensity (PSS-10)		18.60 ± 6.95, 19,	18.55 ± 6.07, 19,	18.66 ± 4.70, 19,	0.03	0.97
Stress intensity (PSS-10)		0–35, 17.90–19.26	0–36, 17.72–19.38	0–33, 18.19–19.12	0.03	0.97
Coping strategies groups acc. to Mini-COPE	Strategies for coping with stress
1. Active coping	Active coping	2.11 ± 0.73, 2	1.85 ± 0.63, 2	1.98 ± 0.65, 2	5.57	0.004
	Active coping	0–3, 2.04, 2.19	0–3, 1.86, 2.04	0–3, 1.92, 2.05	5.57	0.004
	Planning	2.01 ± 0.73, 2	1.25 ± 0.56, 1.5	1.75 ± 0.65, 2	87.37	0.001
	Planning	0–3, 1.94, 2.08	0–3, 1.17, 1.33	0–3, 1.68, 1.81	87.37	0.001
	Positive revalidation	1.70 ± 0.79, 2,	1.59 ± 0.65, 1.5,	1.77 ± 0.68, 2,	3.95	0.02
	Positive revalidation	0–3, 1.62, 1.77	0–3, 1.50, 1.68	0–3, 1.70, 1.84	3.95	0.02
2. Helplessness	Use of psychoactive substances	0.59±0.82, 0	1.31±0.61, 1.5	0.60±0.75, 0	73.09	0.001
	Use of psychoactive substances	0–3, 0.51, 0.67	0–3, 1.22, 1.39	0–3, 0.52, 0.67	73.09	0.001
	Cessation of actions	0.76 ± 0.75, 0.5	1.23 ± 0.58, 1	1.18 ± 0.72, 1	45.92	0.001
	Cessation of actions	0–3, 0.69, 0.83	0–3, 1.15, 1.31	0–3, 1.10, 1.25	45.92	0.001
	Self–blame	1.20 ± 0.86, 1	1.35 ± 0.56, 1.5	1.34 ± 0.73, 1.5	4.58	0.01
	Self–blame	0–3, 1.11, 1.28	0–3, 1.27, 1.43	0–3, 1.27, 1.41	4.58	0.01
3. Seeking support	Seeking emotional support	2.07 ± 0.79, 2	0.57 ± 0.65, 0.5	1.97 ± 0.71, 2	329.07	0.001
	Seeking emotional support	0–3, 2.00, 2.15	0–3, 0.48, 0.65	0–3, 1.90, 2.05	329.07	0.001
	Seeking instrumental support	1.96 ± 0.78, 2	1.96 ± 0.64, 2	1.83 ± 0.72, 2	4.01	0.02
	Seeking instrumental support	0–3, 1.89, 2.04	0–3, 1.87, 2.05	0–3, 1.76, 1.90	4.01	0.02
4. Avoidance behaviours	Taking care of something else	1.85 ± 0.75, 2	1.71 ± 0.65, 1.5	1.69 ± 0.74, 1.5	5.66	0.004
	Taking care of something else	0–3, 1.78, 1.92	0–3, 1.62, 1.80	0–3, 1.61, 1.76	5.66	0.004
	Denial	0.86 ± 0.72, 1	1.96 ± 0.60, 2	1.23 ± 0.75, 1	163.38	0.001
	Denial	0–3, 0.79, 0.93	0–3, 1.87, 2.04	0–3, 1.16, 1.31	163.38	0.001
	Discharge	1.53 ± 0.75, 1.5	1.98 ± 0.63, 2	1.44 ± 0.66, 1.5	43.62	0.001
	Discharge	0–3, 1.45, 1.60	0–3, 1.90, 2.07	0–3, 1.38, 1.51	43.62	0.001
5. Turn to religion		0.92 ± 0.96, 0.5	1.62 ± 0.68, 1.50	1.39 ± 1.02, 1	45.52	0.001
5. Turn to religion		0–3, 0.83, 1.01	0–3, 1.52, 1.71	0–3, 1.29, 1.49	45.52	0.001
6. Acceptance		1.85 ± 0.72, 2	0.51 ± 0.65, 0.5	1.80 ± 0.65, 2	310.88	0.001
6. Acceptance		0–3, 1.78, 1.92	0–3, 0.42, 0.60	0–3, 1.74, 1.86	310.88	0.001
7. Sense of humour		1.27 ± 0.73, 1.5	2.03 ± 0.68, 2	0.96 ± 0.86, 1	131.02	0.001
7. Sense of humour		0–3, 1.20, 1.34	0–3, 1.93, 2.12	0–3, 0.87, 1.04	131.02	0.001

Statistically significant: p < 0.05; p < 0.01; p < 0.001. Explanation: M—mean, SD—standard deviation, Me—median, Min.—minimum, Max.—maximum, confidence interval for the mean value ±95%.