Table 2.

Oxidative stress-induced protein carbonylation and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) formation. Carnosine reduced glucose-induced protein carbonylation and formation of HNE. The derivatized proteins were separated by SDS/PAGE (Figure 5 and Figure 6), quantified and normalized to untreated cells.

Stress-Induced Protein Modification	Protein Carbonylation	HNE Formation
Glucose (25 mM)	1.5 ± 0.07 a	1.75 ± 0.07 a
Carnosine (1 mM)	0.85 ± 0.07	0.85 ± 0.07
Glucose (25 mM) + Carnosine (1 mM)	1.18 ± 0.07 a,e	1.15 ± 0.07 a,e
Carnosine (10 mM)	0.6 ±0.08 f	0.71 ± 0.05 f
Glucose (25 mM) + Carnosine (10 mM)	0.71 ± 0.06 g	0.76 ± 0.02 g

Note: ^a = increased vs. control, ^e = decreased vs. glucose (25 mM), ^f = decreased vs. carnosine (1 mM), ^g = decreased vs. glucose (25 mM) + carnosine (1 mM).