Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with satisfaction in basic services.
| Variable | Water | Sanitation | Refuse | Electricity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | Conf. Int. | OR | Conf. Int. | OR | Conf. Int. | OR | Conf. Int. | |||||
| Individual characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age (mean +/− s.d) | 0.9820 *** | 0.9713 | 0.9928 | 0.9973 | 0.9843 | 1.0105 | 1.0100 | 0.9974 | 1.0229 | 1.0029 | 0.9903 | 1.0158 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.8246 | 0.6501 | 1.0459 | 0.4733 *** | 0.3505 | 0.6391 | 0.6697 ** | 0.5034 | 0.8908 | 1.0596 | 0.7895 | 1.4220 |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| African | ||||||||||||
| Non-African | 0.8258 | 0.4190 | 1.6273 | 0.5184 * | 0.2527 | 1.0633 | 0.6575 | 0.3159 | 1.3683 | 1.8995 *** | 1.2497 | 2.8873 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| None | ||||||||||||
| Primary | 1.2342 | 0.7735 | 1.9693 | 0.4621 *** | 0.2606 | 0.8196 | 0.8895 | 0.5187 | 1.5256 | 0.7388 | 0.4288 | 1.2730 |
| Secondary | 0.9988 | 0.6160 | 1.6195 | 0.3344 *** | 0.1840 | 0.6077 | 1.4285 | 0.8169 | 2.4978 | 0.7558 | 0.4282 | 1.3339 |
| Tertiary | 0.4214 ** | 0.1863 | 0.9533 | 0.1847 *** | 0.0705 | 0.4837 | 0.3632 ** | 0.1289 | 1.0229 | 1.1704 | 0.4182 | 3.2754 |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Wealth index | ||||||||||||
| Lowest | ||||||||||||
| Lower | 1.5819 ** | 1.0994 | 2.2761 | 2.1896 ** | 1.1823 | 4.0548 | 1.6425 ** | 0.9903 | 2.7242 | 2.2418 | 0.6750 | 7.4454 |
| Middle | 1.5587 ** | 1.0717 | 2.2672 | 1.2768 | 0.6899 | 2.3632 | 1.9237 ** | 1.1609 | 3.1877 | 4.8563 *** | 1.5459 | 15.2554 |
| Higher | 1.8862 *** | 1.2737 | 2.7932 | 2.0213 ** | 1.0972 | 3.7235 | 3.4355 *** | 2.0852 | 5.6603 | 4.2249 *** | 1.3125 | 13.6002 |
| Highest | 2.4894 *** | 1.6415 | 3.7752 | 2.3537 *** | 1.2606 | 4.3949 | 4.3084 *** | 2.5477 | 7.2860 | 9.8106 *** | 3.0256 | 31.8115 |
| Protest | ||||||||||||
| No | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 0.7816 * | 0.5971 | 1.0232 | 1.7018 *** | 1.2163 | 2.3811 | 0.7807 | 0.5648 | 1.0791 | 0.7795 | 0.5536 | 1.0976 |
| Community factors | ||||||||||||
| Safety | ||||||||||||
| Not safe | ||||||||||||
| Fairly safe | 1.9016 *** | 1.3973 | 2.5878 | 1.4675 ** | 1.0224 | 2.1061 | 1.3194 | 0.9405 | 1.8510 | 0.8922 | 0.6266 | 1.2705 |
| Safe | 1.3551 ** | 1.0117 | 1.8150 | 2.7482 *** | 1.9100 | 3.9543 | 1.1489 | 0.7971 | 1.6560 | 1.5899 ** | 1.1002 | 2.2976 |
| Government relationship | ||||||||||||
| Good | ||||||||||||
| Neutral | 0.4064 *** | 0.2988 | 0.5530 | 0.7249 ** | 0.5070 | 1.0363 | 0.7280 * | 0.5106 | 1.0380 | 0.5581 *** | 0.3754 | 0.8296 |
| Bad | 0.3252 *** | 0.2318 | 0.4564 | 0.4020 *** | 0.2630 | 0.6146 | 0.4239 *** | 0.2840 | 0.6326 | 0.4752 *** | 0.3153 | 0.7162 |
| Municipal responsive | ||||||||||||
| Not responsive | ||||||||||||
| Responsive | 0.9783 | 0.7414 | 1.2909 | 0.8882 | 0.6314 | 1.2494 | 1.0489 | 0.7528 | 1.4616 | 1.1090 | 0.7831 | 1.5704 |
| Service-related factors | ||||||||||||
| Water source | ||||||||||||
| Piped tap | ||||||||||||
| Public/communal tap | 0.2513 *** | 0.1730 | 0.3652 | |||||||||
| Neighbor | 0.2174 *** | 0.1181 | 0.4002 | |||||||||
| Water carrier | 0.5009 ** | 0.2641 | 0.9501 | |||||||||
| Other | 0.2915 *** | 0.1500 | 0.5667 | |||||||||
| Distance to water supply | ||||||||||||
| 1 = In-dwelling | ||||||||||||
| 2 = < 500 m | 1.3805 * | 0.9510 | 2.0039 | |||||||||
| 3 = 501–1000 m | 0.7897 | 0.2801 | 2.2265 | |||||||||
| 4 = > 1 km | 0.1076 *** | 0.0237 | 0.4891 | |||||||||
| Water safe for drinking | ||||||||||||
| 0 = No | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Yes | 18.0821 *** | 9.1108 | 35.8873 | |||||||||
| Household further treats water | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Yes always | ||||||||||||
| 2 = Yes sometimes | 1.4867 | 0.5184 | 4.2636 | |||||||||
| 3 = No, never | 4.5182 *** | 2.1941 | 9.3040 | |||||||||
| Type of toilet facility | ||||||||||||
| None | ||||||||||||
| Flush toilet | 7.6087 ** | 1.1444 | 50.5875 | |||||||||
| Chemical toilet | 1.3834 | 0.1640 | 11.6697 | |||||||||
| Pit latrine | 0.3788 | 0.0567 | 2.5307 | |||||||||
| Bucket | 0.2346 | 0.0321 | 1.7166 | |||||||||
| Other | 1.2868 | 0.1716 | 9.6473 | |||||||||
| Toilet shared | ||||||||||||
| 0 = No | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Yes | 0.3778 *** | 0.2652 | 0.5383 | |||||||||
| Toilet location | ||||||||||||
| 1 = In dwelling | ||||||||||||
| 2 = On site (in yard) | 3.9265 *** | 2.6019 | 5.9255 | |||||||||
| 3 = Off site | 1.3439 | 0.8547 | 2.1131 | |||||||||
| Refuse disposal methods | ||||||||||||
| Local Authority | ||||||||||||
| Municipal Community members | 0.9841 | 0.6935 | 1.3964 | |||||||||
| Community members | 0.5408 | 0.2195 | 1.3324 | |||||||||
| Communal/own refuse dump | 0.2563 *** | 0.1556 | 0.4224 | |||||||||
| Dump anywhere | 0.03804 *** | 0.0129 | 0.1119 | |||||||||
| Burn | 0.0716 *** | 0.0349 | 0.1469 | |||||||||
| Bury | 0.1349 *** | 0.0553 | 0.3289 | |||||||||
| Other | 1.1637 | 0.5052 | 2.6808 | |||||||||
| Refuse problem | ||||||||||||
| 1 = A serious problem | ||||||||||||
| 2 = A problem but not serious | 1.8789 *** | 1.3080 | 2.6991 | |||||||||
| 3 = Not a problem | 6.9309 *** | 4.8380 | 9.9292 | |||||||||
| Electricity access | ||||||||||||
| No | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 13.3396 *** | 7.2982 | 24.3820 | |||||||||
| Electricity adequate for: | ||||||||||||
| Lighting | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Adequate | ||||||||||||
| 2 = Not adequate | 0.4555 ** | 0.2315 | 0.8963 | |||||||||
| Cooking | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Adequate | ||||||||||||
| 2 = Not adequate | 0.4359 ** | 0.2127 | 0.8933 | |||||||||
| Heating | ||||||||||||
| 1 = Adequate | ||||||||||||
| 2 = Not adequate | 1.8131 ** | 0.9846 | 3.3388 | |||||||||
Notes: Dissatisfied is the reference category, *** p < 0.01; ** p < 0.05; * p < 0.1, Conf.Int.-95% Confidence Interval, OR-Odds Ratio.