Table 1.

Type, size, characteristics of the biosynthesis and activity of the MONPs against different tested microorganisms.

MO	Precursor	Biosynthesis	NP Size [nm]	Tested Organism	Biological Activity/ Effect/Outcome	Ref.
Biosynthesis of MONPs from plants
CuO	CuSO4	Leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes	20–22	S. pneumonia—S. aureus, K. pneumonia	-The highest inhibition zone was observed for K. pneumonia, the lowest for S. aureus, and moderate for S. pneumonia; -The bactericidal activity was almost equivalent to that of tetracycline.	[171]
CuO	Cu(O2CCH3)2	Stems of Seidlitzia rosmarinus ashes	8–40	S. aureus, E. coli	-Durable antibacterial activities against both S. aureus and E. coli on nano colored wool fabrics.	[172]
CuO	Cu(NO3)2. 3H2O	Aqueous leaf extract of Abutilon indicum	16.8	G− (E. coli) and G+ (B. subtilis, S. aureus and Klebsiella) bacteria	-At 5 mg concentration CuO NPs indicated effective antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria; -In this concentration, CuO NPs were much more effective against Klebsiella and B. subtilis than standard drug ampicillin.	[162]
Cu2O	CuSO4.5H2O	Aqueous leaf extract of Callistemon viminalis	423	E. coli, Acinetobacter baumannii	-At a concentration of 512 and 1024 μg, E. coli strain was more susceptible to Cu2O NPs than Acinetobacter baumannii. -The zones of inhibition of cotrimoxazole and meropenem were larger for both bacteria than that induced by Cu2O NPs.	[173]
α-Fe2O3 γ-Fe2O3	Fe(NO3)3.9H2O	Leaf extract of Platanus orientalis	38	Aspergillus niger, Mucor piriformis	-Significant antifungal activity against A. niger and M. piriformis but more active against M. piriformis.	[174]
Fe3O4	FeCl3	Seeds, leaves and fruits of Lagenaria siceraria	30–100	E.coli, S. aureus	-Moderate antimicrobial activity when compared to the reference drug; -Higher bactericidal activity against E. coli and moderate against S. aureus.	[175]
Fe3O4	FeSO4	Flower sheath extract of Musa ornate	43.69	S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, E.coli, Salmonella enterica	-Definite antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria without significant differences except in the case of S. enterica where the bactericidal effect was lower in all 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg mL−1 concentrations.	[176]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2	Plant extract of Passiflora caerulea	30–50	Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus sp.	-Maximum zone of inhibition against gram-negative E. coli and minimum zone against gram-positive Enterococcus sp.	[177]
ZnO	Zn(NO3)2	Aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrum	20–30	S. aureus, Salmonella paratyphi, Vibrio cholerae, E. coli	-The higher antimicrobial activity was found against S. paratyphi compared to the standard tablet; -less bactericidal activity was found for S. aureus, V. cholera and E. coli than a standard tablet. -The leaf extract also showed antimicrobial activity against V. cholera and S. aureus.	[178]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2	Leaf powder aqueous extract of Scadoxus multiflorus	31 ± 2	Aedes aegypti (larvae and eggs); Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus flavus	-Less larvicidal activity when compared to the literature; -96.4% at 120 ppm ovicidal activity of the mosquitos; -small fungicidal activity against A. niger and A. flavus.	[179]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2. (H2O)2	Leaf extract Atalantia monophylla	20–45	Bacterial (B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia) and fungal species (C. albicans, A. niger)	-The biosynthesized ZnO NPs were found to outsmart conventional antibiotics and plant extracts in the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms. -Bacterial strains had a high susceptibility to ZnO NPs when compared to fungi.	[180]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2. (H2O)2	Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis)	30–40	G+ (S. aureus) and G− (E. coli) bacteria; fungal species (A. niger)	-The better antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs (100 mg mL−1) than standard antibiotic (gentamycin—100 mg mL−1); -Better biocidal activity than other researchers findings and low MIC.	[181]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2. (H2O)2	Aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum)	50 nm (at RT) 40 nm (at 90 °C)	E. coli	-The zone of inhibition was 4.8 mm at 90 °C and 4.3 mm at room temperature for ZnO NPs.	[182]
ZnO	ZnSO4	Leaf extract of Bauhinia tomentosa	22–94	G− (P. aeruginosa, E. coli) and G+ (B. subtilis, S. aureus)	-The higher bactericidal effect against gram-negative than gram-positive.	[183]
ZnO	Zn(O2CCH3)2	Leaf extract from Stevia	10–90	Parasitic strain: Leishmaniasis major Bacteria: S. aureus and Escherichia coli	-Low concentrations of ZnO NPs were required for the complete prevention of growth of these organisms in vitro.	[184]
ZnO and Cu- doped ZnO	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O and Cu(NO3)2	-Aqueous leaf extract of Abutilon indicum (for ZnO NPs) Extracts of Clerodendrum infortunatum (1 for Cu-doped ZnO NPs) Clerodendrum inerme (2 for Cu-doped ZnO NPs);	ZnO—16.7; Cu-doped ZnO method 1–17.5; Cu-doped ZnO method 2–20.7	Bacteria: S. aureus, B. subtilis, Klebsiella, E. coli; fungal strains A. niger, A. flavus, Trichoderma harzianum; An anticancer activity using human breast carcinoma cells	-ZnO NPs and Cu-dopped ZnO (method 1) showed effective antibacterial activity against Klebsiella and B. subtilis; -Cu-dopped ZnO (method 2) indicated superior and very effective broad-spectrum antibacterial activities because of higher Cu-doping and larger surface area; -Antifungal potential against A. niger and T. harzanium was observed more in method 2 MONPs than in method 1; -Cu-doped ZnO from method 1 and 2 showed a higher death rate for cancer, in contrast to control (standard drug).	[185]
RuO2	RuCl3.xH2O	Plant extract of Acalypha indica	6–25	E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens S. aureus	-High antibacterial activity against both gram-negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens) and gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria.	[186]
CeO2	CeCl3	Leaf extract of Gloriosa superba L.	5	E. coli, S. aureus, S. dysenteriae, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, S. pneumoniae	-At 100 mg CeO2 NPs showed the most significant effect on the zone inhibition of S. aureus. P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, S. pneumonia and E. coli showed similar inhibition zone with 50 mg NPs; -Gram-positive bacteria are relatively more susceptible to NPs than gram-negative.	[187]
NiO	NiO(CH3COO)2.4H2O	Citrus fruit juice of Limoinia acidissima Chrism	20	G+ (S. aureus) and G− (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, K. pneumonia) bacteria	-The highest was the bactericidal activity against E. coli followed by S. aureus; -Less antibacterial activity was recorded against K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa.	[188]
Biosynthesis of MONPs from bacteria, fungi, algae and natural compounds
ZnO	ZnO powder	Culture of bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila	42–64	Aeromonas hydrophila, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes; Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, C. albicans	-The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in ZnO NPs against P. aeroninosa and A. flavus; -A. hydrophila, E. coli, E. feacalis and C. albicans showed minimum inhibition concentration at 1.2, 1.2, 1.4 and 0.9 μg mL−1 for the MONPs.	[189]
ZnO	Zn(NO3)2	Culture of Bacillus megaterium	45–150	Helicobacter pylori	-ZnO NPs exhibit high biocompatibility against hMSC and proved to be potentially safe in mammalian cells; -Anti-H. pylori dosage of ZnO NPs was safe to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and could effectively be used as a nano-antibiotic.	[190]
TiO2	TiO(OH)2	Mycelium of Aspergillus flavus	62–74	S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, B. subtilis	-The MIC of TiO2 NPs was 40 μg mL−1 for S. aureus, 40 μg mL−1 for E. coli, 80 μg mL−1 for P. aeruginosa, 70 μg mL−1 for K. pneumoniae and 45 μg mL−1 for B. subtilis.	[191]
ZnO	ZnCl2	A fungal isolate of Aspergillus niger	41–75	S. aureus, E. coli	-The effects of ZnO NPs against gram-positive were higher than that against gram-negative bacteria; -The inhibitory effect increased with concentration; -The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was comparable to that of conventional antibiotic ciprofloxacin (0.5 mg mL−1).	[192]
ZnO	Zn(NO3)2	Culture medium of Aspergillus niger	84–91	S. aureus, E. coli	-Impregnated fabrics with ZnO NPs showed zones of inhibition around 12 and 10 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively.	[193]
CuO and Cu2O	CuSO4	Algae extract of brown algae Bufurcaria bufurcata	5–45	Enterobacter aerogenes, S. aureus	-The radial diameters of the inhibition zone of E. aerogenes and S. aureus were 14 and 16, respectively, therefore, gram-negative seemed to be more resistant to CuO NPs than gram-positive bacteria; -Significant antibacterial activity against both gram classes bacteria.	[194]
CuO	Cu(O2CCH3)2. H2O	Algae extract of cyanobacteria Spirulina Platensys	30–40	G−: E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia G+: S. aureus; S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus	-The largest radial diameter of inhibition for gram-negative bacteria was in P. vularis (around 28 mm); -The maximum inhibitory effect against gram-positive was found in B. cereus (around 27 mm).	[195]
ZnO	Zn(NO3)2.6H2O	Algal extract of marine microalgae Sargassum multicum	4–23	S. aureus—sensitive and resistant; C. albicans—sensitive and resistant;	-The inhibition zone in both sensitive and resistant strains was comparable; -The zones of inhibition were about 28 and 25 mm for C. albicans and S. aureus, respectively; -The bactericidal activity of cotton fabrics impregnated with ZnO NPs was reduced by 2–25% after washing.	[196]
ZnO	ZnNO3.6H2O	Al-gum extrudates of Azadirachta indica	30–60	E. coli, S. aureus	-All tested bacteria showed resistance to ZnO NPs synthesized by the green method as compared with bulk ZnO; -At concentration 10 μg mL−1, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria indicated good sensitivity.	[197]
CuO	CuSO4	Goat (GFM) and sheep (SFM) fecal matter	29.2 ± 15.9 for GFM; 32.3 ± 32.2 for SFM	Salmonella typhi, B. subtilis	-CuO (GFM and SFM) NPs demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against both bacteria compared to ampicillin.	[198]