Table 2.
The association between maternal mortality and maternal characteristics adjusted for all covariates.
| Total | Maternal Mortality within 6 Weeks (2003–2018) |
Maternal Mortality within 1 Year (2003–2018) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # of cases | RR | (95% CI) | # of cases | RR | (95% CI) | ||
| Household Income | |||||||
| 1Q (low) | 712,284 | 103 | 2.42 | (1.65, 3.53) | 271 | 1.83 | (1.47, 2.28) |
| 2Q | 934,902 | 101 | 1.88 | (1.30, 2.73) | 259 | 1.41 | (1.14, 1.75) |
| 3Q | 1,142,053 | 109 | 1.57 | (1.09, 2.26) | 272 | 1.16 | (0.94, 1.44) |
| 4Q (high) (reference) | 545,424 | 40 | 1.00 | 131 | 1.00 | ||
| Age | |||||||
| 15–19 | 22,161 | 3 | 1.70 | (0.48, 6.03) | 8 | 0.88 | (0.42, 1.86) |
| 20–24 (reference) | 245,768 | 15 | 1.00 | 71 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29 | 1,217,034 | 108 | 1.65 | (0.95, 2.85) | 291 | 0.98 | (0.75, 1.27) |
| 30–34 | 1,429,772 | 135 | 1.65 | (0.96, 2.85) | 379 | 1.08 | (0.83, 1.40) |
| 35–39 | 370,749 | 80 | 2.94 | (1.67, 5.19) | 150 | 1.36 | (1.01, 1.82) |
| 40+ | 49,179 | 12 | 2.33 | (1.08, 5.05) | 34 | 1.77 | (1.16, 2.69) |
| Type of Insurance | |||||||
| Self-employed | 847,178 | 126 | 1.29 | (1.03, 1.63) | 341 | 1.44 | (1.25, 1.66) |
| Employees (reference) | 2,473,777 | 221 | 1.00 | 575 | 1.00 | ||
| Medical aids | 13,708 | 6 | 3.18 | (1.35, 7.53) | 17 | 3.36 | (2.01, 5.61) |
| Residential areas | |||||||
| Seoul metropolitan(reference) | 767,012 | 81 | 1.00 | 199 | 1.00 | ||
| Other metropolitans | 820,966 | 78 | 1.03 | (0.75, 1.41) | 207 | 1.06 | (0.87, 1.29) |
| Small cities | 1,543,904 | 166 | 1.16 | (0.88, 1.52) | 451 | 1.23 | (1.04, 1.46) |
| Rural areas | 202,781 | 28 | 1.28 | (0.83, 1.98) | 76 | 1.37 | (1.05, 1.79) |
| Working status | |||||||
| Working (reference) | 1,524,162 | 129 | 1.00 | 340 | 1.00 | ||
| Not working | 1,810,501 | 224 | 1.39 | (1.11, 1.75) | 593 | 1.37 | (1.19, 1.58) |
| Mode of delivery | |||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal delivery (reference) | 1,009,885 | 49 | 1.00 | 178 | 1.00 | ||
| Instrumental delivery | 1,042,290 | 58 | 1.12 | (0.77, 1.65) | 220 | 1.18 | (0.97, 1.44) |
| Cesarean section | 1,282,488 | 246 | 3.10 | (2.26, 4.42) | 535 | 2.02 | (1.70, 2.41) |
| Preterm birth | |||||||
| No (reference) | 3,258,458 | 333 | 1.00 | 884 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 76,205 | 20 | 1.24 | (0.76, 2.00) | 49 | 1.28 | (0.94, 1.74) |
| Prenatal care | |||||||
| Adequacy (reference) | 2,903,528 | 280 | 1.00 | 766 | 1.00 | ||
| Intermediate | 383,030 | 67 | 1.53 | (1.13, 2.07) | 148 | 1.21 | (1.00, 1.47) |
| Inadequacy | 48,105 | 6 | 1.37 | (0.59, 3.15) | 19 | 1.31 | (0.82, 2.10) |
| Multiple birth | |||||||
| No (reference) | 3,265,677 | 336 | 1.00 | 899 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 68,986 | 17 | 0.91 | (0.55, 1.51) | 34 | 0.84 | (0.59, 1.20) |
| Maternal comorbidities | |||||||
| No (reference) | 2,062,839 | 87 | 1.00 | 397 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1,271,824 | 266 | 6.05 | (4.68, 7.83) | 536 | 2.41 | (2.09, 2.77) |
| Type of hospital | |||||||
| More than 500 beds | 208,694 | 68 | 3.29 | (2.32, 4.67) | 160 | 3.01 | (2.49, 3.72) |
| 100–499 beds | 376,293 | 71 | 2.17 | (1.55, 3.05) | 165 | 1.83 | (1.49, 2.24) |
| 30–99 beds (reference) | 1,353,653 | 77 | 1.00 | 260 | 1.00 | ||
| Less than 30 beds | 1,396,023 | 137 | 1.69 | (1.27, 2.25) | 348 | 1.23 | (1.04, 1.45) |
RR: risk ratio; # of cases: number of maternal mortality.