Table 4.
Studies of prodrug application ex vivo.
| Study (year) | Prodrug | Cohort Size | Methods | Administration | Specimen | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pytel et al. (2002) | 5-ALA | 38 a | 1.5 g 5-ALA in 50 mL of 1.5% sodium bicarbonate for > 1 h | Intravesical instillation | Urine | [63] |
| Tauber et al. (2003) | 5-ALA | 162 a | 50 mL of 3% 5-ALA buffered with sodium monohydrogen-phosphate for 2 h | Intravesical instillation | Lavage solution | [64] |
| Tauber et al. (2006) | 5-ALA | 62 a | 50 mL of 3% 5-ALA buffered with sodium monohydrogen-phosphate for 1 to 2 h | Intravesical instillation | Lavage solution/sediments | [65] |
| Inoue et al. (2013) | 5-ALA | 66 a | 1.0 g 5-ALA | Oral | Urine | [66] |
| Miyake et al. (2014) | 5-ALA | 58 a | 1 mM of 5-ALA in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [67] |
| Nakai et al. (2015) | 5-ALA | 61 a | 1 mM of 5-ALA in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [68] |
| Nakai et al. (2017) | 5-ALA | 50 a | 1 mM of 5-ALA in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [73] |
| Yamamichi (2019) | 5-ALA | 160 a | 200 µg/mL 5-ALA in MEM for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [69] |
| Yamamichi (2020) | 5-ALA | 104 a | 1.2 mM 5-ALA in MEM for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [81] |
| Čunderlíková et al. (2007) | HAL | 19 a | 50 µM HAL in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 1 h | Exogenous HAL added to urine pellet | Urine | [70] |
| Nakai et al. (2017) | HAL | 50 a | 0.1 mM HAL in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous HAL added to urine pellet | Urine | [73] |
| Nakai et al. (2014) | 5-ALA | 138 b | 1 mM of 5-ALA in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [72] |
| Nakai et al. (2018) | 5-ALA | 189 b | 1 mM of 5-ALA in PBS for 2 h at 37 °C | Exogenous 5-ALA added to urine pellet | Urine | [77] |
| Pytel et al. (2002) | Hypericin | 8 a | 40 mL of an 8-µmol/L solution of hypericin for > 1 h | Intravesical instillation | Urine | [63] |
| Olivo et al. (2003) | Hypericin | 29 a | 1 mL of hypericin in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 15 min at room temperature | Exogenous hypericin added to urine pellet | Urine | [76] |
| Fu et al. (2007) | Hypericin | 21 a | 1 mL of hypericin in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium for 15 min at room temperature | Exogenous hypericin added to urine pellet | Urine | [74] |
a urothelial carcinoma patient; b prostate cancer patient. ALA: aminolevulinic acid; HAL: hexyl aminolevulinate or hexaminolevulinate; MEM: minimum essential medium.