Figure 1.

H. pylori biofilm growth is associated with high level tolerance towards amoxicillin, tetracycline, and clarithromycin. The percentage of remaining H. pylori G27 biofilm biomass after exposure to different concentration of amoxicillin, tetracycline, or clarithromycin compared to untreated control. Biofilms were grown for 48 h and then, exposed to antibiotics at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. Control/untreated biofilms were exposed to fresh media without antibiotic for the same time period. Biofilm were quantified using crystal violet. The percent biomass remaining was determined relative to the untreated control. Experiments were performed three independent times with at least 8 technical replicates for each. Error bars represent standard errors of the mean.