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Schematic of the different parts of 3D electric cell/matrigel-substrate impedance sensing (3D-ECMIS): (a) vertical gold electrodes in a single channel, (b) arrangement of 8 channels on the scaffold, (c) picture of the eight channels in the detection system, and (d) images of the 3D cell-based biosensor before and after seeding the living cells. Reprinted from Pan et al. [76] with permission from Elsevier.
