Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study cohort (n = 229).
| Variables | Total | Social Non-Frailty | Social Pre-Frailty | Social Frailty | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 229 | n = 146 (63.8%) | n = 66 (28.8%) | n = 17 (7.4%) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years | 67.22 ± 7.43 | 66.03 ± 6.66 | 68.61 ± 7.83 | 72.12 ± 9.49 a | 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 167 (72.6) | 102 (69.9) | 52 (78.8) | 12 (70.6) | 0.397 |
| Chinese ethnicity, n (%) | 212 (92.6) | 134 (91.8) | 62 (93.9) | 16 (94.1) | 0.941 |
| Education, years | 10.73 ± 4.36 | 11.49 ± 4.43 | 9.48 ± 3.91 b | 9.12 ± 4.11 | 0.002 |
| Housing, n (%) | 0.083 | ||||
| 1–2 room | 7 (3.1) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (6.1) | 1 (5.9) | |
| 3–5 room | 156 (68.1) | 95 (65.1) | 47 (71.2) | 14 (82.4) | |
| Executive & above | 66 (28.8) | 49 (33.6) | 15 (22.7) | 2 (11.8) | |
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 82 (35.8) | 43 (29.5) | 31 (47.0) | 8 (47.1) | 0.029 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 130 (56.8) | 85 (58.2) | 35 (53.0) | 10 (58.8) | 0.767 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 33 (14.4) | 23 (15.8) | 10 (15.2) | 0 (0) | 0.212 |
| Ischemic Heart Disease, n (%) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (2.7) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0.695 |
| Atrial Fibrillation, n (%) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (3.4) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0.740 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 4 (1.7) | 2 (1.4) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5.9) | 0.399 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 19 (8.3) | 12 (8.2) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (5.9) | 0.911 |
| Vascular Risk Factor score | 1.22 ± 1.10 | 1.19 ± 1.14 | 1.30 ± 1.07 | 1.18 ± 0.95 | 0.783 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 63 (27.5) | 41 (28.1) | 17 (25.8) | 5 (29.4) | 0.925 |
| Anthropometry | |||||
| Weight, kg | 59.45 ± 9.69 | 59.86 ± 9.18 | 59.26 ± 11.05 | 56.70 ± 8.25 | 0.438 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.89 ± 3.23 | 23.93 ± 2.99 | 23.97 ± 3.79 | 23.20 ± 2.99 | 0.661 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.34 ± 9.32 | 85.17 ± 8.46 | 85.63 ± 11.49 | 85.66 ± 7.16 | 0.935 |
| Mid arm circumference, cm | 27.65 ± 3.00 | 27.67 ± 2.65 | 27.90 ± 3.34 | 26.44 ± 4.26 | 0.200 |
| Calf circumference, cm | 34.78 ± 3.20 | 35.02 ± 2.90 | 34.46 ± 3.85 | 33.94 ± 2.78 | 0.267 |
| Cognitive performance | |||||
| CMMSE, max 28 | 26.12 ± 1.73 | 26.25 ± 1.67 | 26.05 ± 1.85 | 25.35 ± 1.66 | 0.120 |
| Functional status | |||||
| BADL ^, max 100 | 100.00 (95.00–100.00) |
100.00 (100.00–100.00) |
100.00 (95.00–100.00) |
95.00 (92.50–100.00) a |
0.004 |
| IADL ^, max 23 | 23.00 (22.00–23.00) |
23.00 (22.75–23.00) |
23.00 (22.00–23.00) |
23.00 (22.00–23.00) |
0.152 |
| Frailty status | |||||
| FRAIL score, max 5 | 0.16 ± 0.41 | 0.13 ± 0.34 | 0.21 ± 0.51 | 0.24 ± 0.56 | 0.307 |
| Robust, n (%) | 196 (85.6) | 127 (87.0) | 55 (83.3) | 14 (82.4) | |
| Pre-frail, n (%) | 33 (14.4) | 19 (13.0) | 11 (16.7) | 3 (17.6) | |
| Frail, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Modified Fried ^, max 5 | 0 (0–1.00) | 0 (0–1.00) | 0 (1.00–1.00) b | 1.00 (0–1.00) a | 0.000 |
| Robust, n (%) | 132 (57.6) | 99 (67.8) | 28 (42.4) | 5 (29.4) | |
| Pre-frail, n (%) | 95 (41.5) | 47 (32.2) | 37 (56.1) | 11 (64.7) | |
| Frail, n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (5.9) | |
Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; ^ Median (interquartile range, IQR); BADL, basic activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CFAB, Chinese Frontal Assessment Battery; CMMSE, Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination; IADL, Instrumental activities of daily living. a Post-hoc, p < 0.05 compared with social non-frailty; b Post-hoc, p < 0.05 compared with social non-frailty.